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In this article, Dominique Poulot provides a historical overview of the notion of intangible cultural heritage and its relationship to museum studies in France. He brings the study up to the present day to examine the current impact of intangible cultural heritage on the museums. Since 2006, when France signed the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, intangible cultural heritage has emerged as an issue of current concern. In the museum world, various institutional intermediaries are being used in order to educate curators about intangible heritage, by way of ICOM France, for example. At the same time, the Mission du patrimoine ethnologique (Ethnological Heritage Mission, or MPE) has initiated a collective reflection concerning the new categories and new framework of activities for intangible cultural heritage issues only very recently considered “ethnological” in nature. Hence intangible heritage would seem to be on the agenda of various state administration bodies according to a top-down process characteristic of the centralized tradition of French museum and heritage organizations. The situation has apparently become even more propitious in this regard since a certain number of recent events have served to highlight the fact that the opposition between the notion of ever-changing social space dear to anthropologists and the enclosure of objects conserved at the museum dear to tangible-culture specialists has become a thing of the past.
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When they met in 1958, Gaston Miron and Henri Pichette may have sensed that their friendship would last a lifetime. What they could not have foreseen were the difficulties they would face as they attempted to disseminate their respective works on each side of the ocean. What ideological and political representations did this friendship go through? What part did it play in the poetic evolution of Miron and Pichette? The unpublished correspondence of the two writers provides us with privileged access to the premises of the Quebec poet's activist years. More generally, it offers a first portrait of a Franco-Québécois relationship, the friendship between two of the twentieth century's greatest poets.
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The author examines the major recorded oil spills into international and nationalseas, some of them occurring in Canada, caused by supertankers: the TorreyCanyon, the Arrow, the Amoco Cadiz, the Gino, the Aegean Captain and theAtlantic Express, the Odyssey, the Exxon Valdez, the Braer, the Maersk Navigator,the Erika, the Prestige and the Ixtoc 1 (oil well).But, there are a lot more accidents, since those black tides began, in 1960. Eachyear, since the seventies, we could count around half-dozen of such oil spills disasters.Annex A provides a table listing all oil spill accidents from tankers since1975 involving more than 20 000 tonnes of oil. Annex B provides the chronologicallist of all accidents since 1960.Following the recent verdict in the Total SA affair (the Erika charterer), announcedby the Paris Criminal Court on January 16, 2008, after several years of trial, theauthor takes this opportunity of studying oil spill accidents and causes, someresearch programs, ecological and economical impacts, legal aspects, insuranceand indemnification, all in order to learn some lessons from such perils of sea.
Keywords: Hydrocarbures, pollution par les pétroliers, pollution maritime, OMI, conventions internationales, FIPOL (fonds d'indemnisation), Petroleum, oil pollution from tankers, marine pollution, IMO, internationalconventions, FIPOL (compensation funds)