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The study of strategic performance measurement systems (SPMS) in SMEs is of great interest given the economic and social importance of the latter. Some authors have proposed applying systems designed for major organizations and have observed difficulties in implementing them; others have suggested designing SPMS specifically for SMEs, which would require more understanding of their practices. This article deals with SPMS used by SME CEOs and the way in which the latter measure their strategic performance. To do this we made a qualitative study of three SME manufacturers. Our results show that their SPMS are designed as a combination of indicators and informal control and coordination mechanisms. With SPMS made up of a selection of both financial and non-financial indicators, they deliberately focus on strategic priorities, action plans and the monitoring of any potential deterioration of critical success factors or relationships with certain stakeholders. The CEOs have deliberately not measured all of the performance dimensions. However these are all under control due to the use of informal mechanisms.

Keywords: PME, Dirigeant, Système de mesure de la performance stratégique, Indicateur, Pilotage, Contrôle de gestion, Tableau de bord, SME, CEO, Strategic performance measurement system, Indicator, Piloting, Management control, Scorecard, PyME, Dirigente, Sistema de medida de rendimiento estratégico, Indicador, Pilotaje, Control de gestión, Cuadro de mando

Innovation studies in SMEs has been interested for long time by the place and role of networks. In these studies, everything happens as if all the relations were possible and also likely. Yet, nothing is more inaccurate : all the relations do not have the same probability to exist and networks are also structured and hierarchical. In networks analysis, this classic observation sends back to the principle of homophily ; principle according to which people or organizations tend to form connections with others who are similar to them in social or organizational characteristics. From an exploratory research based on interviews with entrepreneurs and managers of firms working in the industry of clean technologies, we will see how the principle of homophily turns out to be necessary in the understanding of, on one hand, the existence of the relations observed in the innovation's activities of SMEs, and on the other, their capacity to give access to the resources which the SMEs need in their innovation's projects.

Keywords: PME, Technologies propres, Innovation, Réseaux, Homophilie, SME, Clean technologies, Innovation, Networks, Homophily, PyME, Tecnologías limpias, Innovación, Redes, Homofilia

Innovative firms represent a large pool of job and wealth creation within an economy. Yet, despite their high potential, we observe a high heterogeneity in their growth trajectories.By operationalizing a theoretical meta-model of governance proposed by Wirtz (2011), we seek to better understand the relationships between the more or less disciplinary or cognitive governance vision of entrepreneurs, the governance mechanisms they actually implement in their firm and the growth of their business.Based on the answers of 253 entrepreneurs from innovative firms, we show that entrepreneurs can have three visions of governance – cognitive, managerial disciplinary and financial disciplinary – that are linked to the setting up of specific mechanisms (board of directors, top management team, presence of capital investors), which themselves cause a more or less strong growth within their company.

Keywords: Gouvernance cognitive, Gouvernance coercitive, Entreprises innovantes de croissance, Croissance, Cognitive corporate governance, Disciplinary corporate governance, Innovative firms, Growth, Gobernanza cognitiva, Gobernanza coercitiva, Empresas emergentes, Crecimiento

Environmental intent is a key concept to examine pro-environmental behaviors. However, in the field of nascent entrepreneurship, few studies examine the environmental entrepreneurial intention of project leaders. To fill this gap, we pay particular attention to the determinants of the environmental entrepreneurial intention of nascent entrepreneurs in France with a view to reduce the impact of their activities on nature.Mobilizing the theory of planned behavior, our empirical investigations with 433 French nascent entrepreneurs show the relevance and predictive robustness of this theory in the study of the environmental entrepreneurial intention of nascent entrepreneurs. We thus contribute to a better understanding of the process of formation of this intention, more particularly in the field of entrepreneurship.In terms of managerial benefits, this research presents contributions aimed to enhance the support of nascent entrepreneurs wishing to integrate environmental practices into the setting up of their entrepreneurial project. Based on the effects of perceived environmental behavioral control and environmental trainings, two areas of progress have been identified around environmental awareness/training and the design of entrepreneurial projects.

Keywords: Accompagnement entrepreneurial, Entrepreneuriat environnemental, Entrepreneuriat naissant, Intention entrepreneuriale environnementale, Théorie du comportement planifié, Entrepreneurial support, Environmental entrepreneurial intention, Environmental entrepreneurship, Nascent entrepreneurship, Theory of planned behavior, Apoyo empresarial, Intención emprendedora ambiental, Emprendimiento ambiental, Emprendimiento naciente, Teoría del comportamiento planificado

Numerous articles in psychology show that the sum of the views individuals have of their past, present, and future (their time perspective) influences their cognitions and behaviors. We extend these findings to the field of entrepreneurship and suggest that time perspective can influence entrepreneurs' alertness (TP acting as a potential determinant prior to alertness). We propose a theoretical framework to better understand the role time perspective can play in key aspects of entrepreneurship such as entrepreneurial alertness, i.e., the capacity for an entrepreneur to see opportunities missed by others. The main objective of our research contribution is to build theoretical propositions and a model interrelating time perspective according to Zimbardo and Boyd (1999) and entrepreneurial alertness according to Tang, Kacmar and Busenitz (2012). Linking both concepts constitutes the main contribution. A discussion, implications, limitations and directions for future research are also introduced.

Keywords: Temps, Opportunité, Cognition, Vigilance, Entrepreneuriat, Time, Opportunity, Cognition, Alertness, Entrepreneurship, Tiempo, Oportunidad, Cognición, Vigilancia, Empresariado

The restructuring of Tunisian and Moroccan educational systems following the decolonization led to a dualistic system : on one hand, the neglected state education and on the other hand, a highly elitist public or private education for the ruling class of both countries. At the end of this elitist education in Tunisia or Morocco, one of the best ways for pursuing academic studies is the training given in France by the preparatory classes for entrance to the Grandes Ecoles. Two years of preparatory classes allow entrance to these Grande Ecoles by competitive examination. The presented study is the outcome of a research held in a Parisian boarding school, which welcomes young North African women in preparatory classes. The study emphasizes how the students gender is interlinked with their social class. The objective is to explore to what extent those studying orientations, driven by the strategies of the family, are modified or not by the students gender and the one of the relatives who have influenced them.

The purpose of this study is to define the impact of occupational noise on occupational safety. The proportion of accidents (attributable risk) attributable to noise exposure (≥ 90 dBA) and to noise induced hearing loss (≥ 16 dB HL) was calculatedamong a sample of 57 732 workers of both sexes involved in 45 375 accidents occurring in the 5 years period following an audiometric screening test. Quebec workers compensation board (CSST) data were used to compute the averagecost of an accident. The average cost is based on all expenses incurred in relation to accidents that occurred to all the workers of Quebec during three base years, without considering noise exposure.The analyses have allowed to define the proportion of accidents that are attributableto noise or to hearing loss, or both, to estimate the mean cost of an accident and to compute the total cost of all accidents attributable to noise for the CSST. Results indicate that the annual burden of occupational noise exposure among 400 000 workers exposed daily to occupational noise, lies yearly between 20 and 27M$ for the CSST. These sums are to be added to the annual cost of compensation for professional deafness (8,6M$); the aggregation of both these costs gives a more precise estimate of the true financial burden of occupational noise and shows the relevance of taking proper account of the consequences of noise for occupational safety in the estimations of the cost of occupational noise exposure.

Keywords: Bruit en milieu de travail, surdité professionnelle, sécurité du travail, coûts pour régime d'indemnisation, coûts pour l'établissement, Occupational noise, noise induced hearing loss (NIHL), occupational safety, cost for compensation board

Change is the modus operandi of contemporary organizations. In many organizations, they are constant, rapid and overlapping, creating a saturation of change. In such a context, change management becomes particularly complex. One of the main difficulties is related to the recipients, who may have difficulty coping with the changes. It becomes essential for managers to understand how recipients adapt to change in order to be more successful. Improving the recipients’ capacity to change (RCC) could be a key to change management. However, RCC can refer to different realities, so its dimensions and the levers that can promote it remain unclear. The objective of this study is to clarify the RCC and to identify the levers used to promote it. Thus, a systematic review of the literature on RCC was conducted in the following databases: ABI/INFORM, APA PsycInfo and Business Source Complete. The 69 articles selected were used to generate a conceptual map clarifying three dimensions of change capacity: openness to change (OC), commitment to change (CC) and behavioural support for change (BSC). These would represent a continuum of the recipient’s evolving positive responses to change. Three levers used to promote them (information and communication, support, and participation) were also identified. The preferred levers would evolve along the RCC continuum.

Keywords: Capacité à changer, adaptation au changement, réactions du destinataire, revue systématique de la littérature