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AbstractThe political and economic changes that occurred in Poland after Berlin wall the fall of drove to the deterioration of women's condition in the public and private spheres. Furthermore, both the socialist heritage and pre-communist patriarchal traditions of the increased women's discrimination within liberal-democracy. At the same time, the outbreak of international exchanges ended Poland's isolation. Consequently, the relations between women and men, frozen by national catholic traditions begin to be renegociated. The project of integration of Poland into the EU makes it a more pressing issue.
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This paper aims to account for the ambivalences of the German policy concerning the Eastern enlargement and for the shift in the government strategy since the spd-green coalition came to power : it discusses different hypotheses and analyses the role of the economic interests in the formation of national preferences. It examines the strategies of German actors in the case of the adhesion of Poland, considering the policies of the interest groups since the beginning of the nineties and these of public actors. It brings to light the modes of action of these groups at the bilateral, regional, domestic and European levels, and the channels through which the German influence is exerted in Brussels. The analysis of the economic factors and of geopolitical constraints is not sufficient to account for the strains in the German policy, also referring to representations conveyed by the rhetoric of politics.
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The influence of ethnology and related disciplines on the formation of Polish national identity and on the image of other groups can be divided into four periods: 1. From the end of the nineteenth century until World War One, a time when the Polish nation consisted of minority groups within three hostile states; 2. the period of the Second Republic — Poland as a nation state; 3. the period of the Socialist Republic of Poland — a state national in appearance; 4. the post-socialist period. The role played by ethnology and related disciplines in the creation of a national identity and of images of other ethnic and national groups has a considerable effect on the quality of academic research. The best work was produced during the second period, when the academy was actively and openly engaged in the consolidation of Polish identity. In the fourth period, Polish ethnology has not been directly involved in the consolidation of Polish national identity, already weakened during the third period. The author tries to explain this paradox, while also raising the issue of the relationship between ethnology, national identity, and the place of Poland in Europe.
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AbstractThe systemic changes that happened in Eastern Europe since 1989 produced very different results, depending on countries, regions or social groups. The concept of “transition” has often been used to justify a specific and supposedly definitive social model according to the neoliberal rules. Poland has often occupied in the analysis the role of the “good pupil”, but if we compare the situation of this country with the one prevailing in countries that also have experienced dictatorship, we must then accept some nuances to the teleological visions currently accepted.
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