Documents found
-
3671.More information
Can we hold child soldiers criminally responsible for international crimes? The question is very relevant given that while international criminal law has now developed mechanisms to prosecute, convict and punish those who commit violations of international law, these mechanisms cannot be applied regardless of age. This article focuses on the prosecution and conviction of child soldiers. The author examines the issue through the prism of a specific court decision, Prosecutor c. X, a 2002-decision rendered by the hybrid tribunal set up to try serious crimes committed in Timor-Leste. The author argues that the prosecutorial model adopted in this case should not be followed in international law as the child soldier did not benefit from any substantive or procedural measures designed specifically for minors, even though such measures are widely accepted in national criminal justice systems.
Keywords: Enfants soldats, Timor-Leste (ou Timor-Oriental), plaidoyer de culpabilité, responsabilité pénale internationale des mineurs, droit international, âge, contrainte, mens rea, normes d'équité des procès, Child soldiers, Timor-Leste (or East Timor), plea bargaining, criminal liability of minors, international law, age, duress, mens rea, standards of fairness
-
3672.
-
3673.More information
The development of entomology as a natural science in Quebec first involved naturalist erudites such as William Couper, Léon Provancher and Henry Lyman, who abundantly observed and described the Quebec entomofauna, founded societies of professional entomologists, and wrote the first scientific documents about the insects of Quebec. At the turn of the 20th century, the economic importance of agricultural and forest products had reached a sufficient level for applied entomology to develop its own identity. This is evidenced by the birth of the Québec Society for the Protection of Plants, the creation of the first higher education program in entomology, and the establishment of professional entomologist positions in the plant protection services of the federal and provincial governments. Entomologists abundantly published on the life cycle of insect pests, their damages, and early efficient insect pest control using what were then primitive and dangerous insecticides. Entomologists in chief James Fletcher, at the federal level, and Victor Huard, at the provincial level, as well as entomology professors William Lochhead of Macdonald College and Georges Maheux of the École forestière de l'Université Laval, are important figures who initially guided the development of applied entomology in Quebec. For decades, Ernest-Melville DuPorte, while working at Macdonald College, was at the centre of higher education and fundamental research in entomology in Quebec. Following the Second World War, the demand for food products and wood fibre grew at an unprecedented rate, and so did the need to control insect pests, in the new era of synthetic chemicals such as the DDT insecticide. Entomologists active in agriculture were mainly regrouped around the Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research Station and at the MAPAQ's Service of Plant Protection, and at their experimental field stations. Research in forest entomology developed itself in Quebec City at the Laurentians federal laboratory and at the Faculté d'arpentage et de génie forestier (known today as the Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique) de l'Université Laval. Due to pressure from the forest industry, the spraying of Quebec forests with chemical insecticides expanded systematically and, for decades, was mainly determined by the cyclic abundance of the spruce budworm. At the end of the 1960s, applied entomology in Quebec slowly took an ecological turn, marked by environmental concerns about chemical insecticides, more attention given to natural control, and a renewed interest in biological control agents. Fundamental research on insects and higher education in entomology expanded in both established and newly created university centres. The recent decades were marked by the arrival of genetically modified crops that are highly resistant to target pests, and the imminent consequences of global warming on the abundance and diversity of insect pests. Entomology as a professional activity benefited from the arrival of many women in research centres and universities; however, there is now some concern about the noticeable decline in the recruitment of specialized entomologists in public services and universities, and an uncertain economic future.
-
3674.More information
The present article explores the temporal dimension to the health care reform introduced in Bulgaria in the late 1990s. The author inscribes her analysis in recent research on both gradual structuring of change and historical sociology. She thus shows the reform's dual temporality: even if the paradigmatic change introduced by the reform suggests the idea of immediacy, the reform remains strongly influenced by long term processes. Beyond its double nature, the temporality of change introduced by the reform also appears accelerated as a consequence from the complex relations between time and space, and the introduction of neo-managerial ideas in the reform's implementation sequence. Those temporal phenomena impact on the main actors involved in the health sector's expectations from change and suggest that the communist past remains a dominant time of the Bulgarian health system history, reviving the conflictual dynamics inherent to the system.
Keywords: Système de santé, réforme, changement, trajectoire, temporalité, conflit, Bulgarie, Health Care, Reform, Change, Trajectory, Temporality, Conflict, Bulgaria
-
3675.More information
On 8 June 2007, the Supreme Court of Canada overruled its past twenty years of case law on freedom of association. The majority of the judges agreed that section 2(d) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms protects the right to the process of collective bargaining. In doing so, the SCC rejected the ratio of the majority enunciated in the 1980 trilogy dealing with this question and, at last, gave ininternational labour law its place, especially in terms of the principles of freedom of association elaborated by the International Labour Organization's supervisory bodies. The analysis of these principles, focused on three rights underlying freedom of association―the right to collective bargaining, the right to strike, and the freedom not to associate―allows the author to conclude that for the first time, Canada is showing greater respect for its international obligations. It remains to be seen what the Court will decide in terms of the right to strike.
-
3676.
-
3677.
-
3678.
-
3679.
-
3680.