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The experiences of certain successful West European practices in employee's participation within undertaking recommend the establishment of complementary institutional arrangements in the existing system of labour-management relations in Canada which, at the present, is based only on the institution of collective bargaining.

The focus of this paper is on the information disclosed by companies in the private sector to trade unions in North America, with particular reference to Canada.

SummaryBetween 1975 and 1997, school teacher bargaining was conducted under the School Boards and Teachers Collective Negotiations Act (Bill 100). By most accounts, the teacher bargaining law was successful in promoting bilateral settlements with minimal strike activity. Following its election in 1995, the Harris government reduced public expenditures and introduced educational reforms. In doing so, it repealed Bill 100 and passed laws restricting teacher bargaining. These measures ranged from imposing restrictions on the scope of negotiable issues to attempts to make “voluntary” extracurricular activities mandatory. This study finds that the government's blunt and heavy-handed efforts to control collective bargaining processes and outcomes, not only proved futile, but led to an increase in work stoppages and protracted guerilla warfare at the school board level.

The purpose of this study is to examine the historical trend on the distribution of teacher skillmix between 1957 and 1974 in the light of certain changes in the socio-economic setting surrounding employment of teachers which occured during the period.

This paper examines various strategies for industrial peace. Strategies which attack both the root causes of conflict and the effects of labour-management strife are discussed. The author then draws some broad inferences for public policy and for the parties in collective bargaining.

Preliminary examinations are an important part of the criminal procedure of the International Criminal Court, as they allow for the determination of the situations that will be investigated and prosecuted. They are conducted discreetly by the Office of the Prosecutor. The Prosecutor may initiate preliminary examinations on her own initiative or on the basis of a referral from a State party or the United Nations Security Council. Preliminary examinations deal with a situation and lead, after the test of jurisdiction, admissibility and the interests of Justice, on a decision of the Prosecutor on whether or not to open an investigation. Depending on the type of referral and the nature of its decision, the Prosecutor will be compelled or not to seek the pre-trial Chamber's authorization before proceeding with the investigation. The Pre-Trial Chamber exercises two types of control over the Prosecutor's decision: absolute control when the Prosecutor decides to proceed to the investigative stage on her own initiative or refuses to investigate because the interests of justice would not be served, and flexible control when the Prosecutor decides not to investigate after a referral. The Office of the Prosecutor is faced with difficult choices and criticism in the way it conducts preliminary examinations, particularly in relation to their duration, their publicization, their role, their control and their treatment.

According to the United Nations, 68% of the global population will live in an urban environment by 2050. Consequently, local authorities are more and more called upon in matters related to human rights and international human rights standards. Such state of affairs coincides with a global movement towards the decentralisation of the responsibilities of central governments and of the attrition of consequent resources. The movement for human rights in the city emerged in such context and nowadays shows a strong level of institutionalisation. It raises the issue of the accountability of local authorities at the international level in matters related to human rights in the city. Despite the uncontested principle of the central and exclusive responsibility of states in international law in general, is it possible to attribute a certain level of accountability to local authorities in regard of international human rights law? In 2015, the UN Human Rights Council adopted a Report where it suggests principles in order to address this issue. The Council suggests that local authorities at least share with central governments a duty to coordinate efforts, policies and strategies aimed at promoting and protecting human rights. To this end, the Council strongly recommends constitutional arrangements. This article proposes an empirical assessment of the reception by UN human rights bodies of such proposal. In order to do so, it examined the assessment by those bodies of national human rights implementation processes: general and final observations following states' reports are considered in the case of treaty monitoring and Universal Periodic Review (UPR) is looked upon in the case of the Human Rights Council. In addition, the input of some NGOs is also analysed. In total, over 1 000 documents were identified with the help of keywords for the period 2009-2018. The data analysis brings us to conclude that the political and institutional movement for human rights in the city and the evaluative work done by the UN human rights bodies behave largely like ships passing through the night. The 2015 Human Rights Council is largely ignored by the latest. At best, they will invite states to consider a more effective multilevel coordinating effort at the domestic level, hereby timidly echoing the Report. This conclusion, although it falls in line with the theory of international public law, bare some nuances in the case of certain rights such as economic and social rights where the work of both the Committee on economic, social and cultural rights and the Committee on the rights of children offer interesting openings. For its part, the Human Rights Council is content with a recall of the conclusions of its 2015 Report. Coordination is the key concept when comes the time to examine the consequences for human rights implementation of urbanisation. Lastly, NGOs, much to our surprise, does not play a spear-heading role in front of UN human rights bodies when comes the time to conceptualise the distribution of responsibilities between different level of national authorities in a time of intense urbanisation. In conclusion, our analysis shows a thick sealing between the political and normative work of UN human rights bodies. It seems convenient, against all realities, to perpetuate in an almost simplistic way the subordinated role of local authorities in regard of the theory of international public law. Such conclusion may reassure international law experts. But in a world where some meta cities work with other meta cities more than with the states on which they depend, it may not be the end of the story.

Based on the epistemic field of professional literacies, the study aims to build a basic typology of professional written genres for teaching purposes. It strives to categorize 135 authentic texts that have circulated in three companies whose activities fall within certain branches of the industrial sector Production. In a top-down perspective that starts from the language practices of the professional actors to finally explore the textual phenomena, we aim to elaborate a typology of professional written genres according to praxeological, pragmatic and compositional criteria. Four major written genres have been identified, namely the report, the minutes, the professional written conversation, and the framework note. After a thorough analysis of the aforementioned genres’ linguistic properties, the typology is then adapted to didactic purposes. The study also provides learning objectives and priority teaching contents for designing writing training for students with writing difficulties in technological Higher Education courses.

Keywords: typologie, typology, genre, genres, professional, professionnel, educational design, didactique, literacy, littéracie

This study analyses the tutoring activity in a context marked by contradictions in the realization of internship. From a qualitative methodology based on group interviews, as well as a theorical framework related to the effects of contexts, the article opens up avenues of research for understanding the negotiations that are woven at the heart of the tutoring activity beyond the singular accompaniment put in the place by the tutors.

Keywords: Internship, Stage, context effects, effets de contextes, tuteurs, tutors, accompaniment, accompagnement, operational polytutoring, polytutorat opérationnel

In the spring of 2022, we witnessed sustained controversy in the written press on the issues of urban sprawl and residential densification in the province of Quebec. The debate was raging in wake of the exchanges surrounding major transportation projects in Quebec City and Montreal, as well as following the national conversation on urban and regional planning that preceded the adoption of the Politique nationale de l’achitecture et de l’aménagement du territoire (Quebec’s national policy on architecture and land use planning). Taking into consideration the issue of climate change, the approach of soft densification and the concept of transit-oriented development (TOD) are proposed by the policy, but there is no unanimity on that matter within the population, or even among the government’s elected representatives of the Coalition avenir Québec political party at the National Assembly. In this paper, we will address the clash of values behind the controversy, by way of a press review.

Keywords: Densificartion, Densification, Quebec (Province), Québec (Province), urban sprawl, étalement urbain, press review, revue de presse