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Background: There are no CanMEDS-FM-based milestone tool to guide feedback during direct observation (DO). We have developed a guide to support documentation of feedback for direct observation (DO) in Canadian family medicine (FP) programs. Methods: The Guide was designed in three phases with the collaboration of five Canadian FP programs with at least a French-speaking teaching site: 1) literature review and needs study; 2) development of the SPOD Feedback Guide; 3) testing the Guide in a video simulation context with qualitative content analysis. Results: Phase 1 demonstrated the need for a narrative guide aimed at 1) specifying mutual expectations according to the resident's level of training and the clinical context, 2) providing the supervisor with tools and structure in his observations 3) to facilitate documentation of feedback. Phase 2 made it possible to develop the Guide, in paper and electronic formats, meeting the needs identified. In phase 3, 15 supervisors used the guide for three levels of residence. The Guide was adjusted following this testing to recall the phases of the clinical encounter that were often forgotten during feedback (before consultation, diagnosis and follow-up), and to suggest types of formulation to be favored (stimulating questions). , questions of clarification, reflections). Conclusion: Based on evidence and a collaborative approach, this Guide will equip French-speaking Canadian supervisors performing SPOD in family medicine.

AbstractAfter summarizing the vast historical and comparative literature on the role of the intellectual which points out among other things that there is a general antipathy between intellectuals and persons in power, the author constructs a heuristic model which can highlight the complexity of political roles played by intellectuals on the basis of two distinct but related dichotomies (intellect/intelligence ; innovator/integrator). By cross-tabulating these dicotho-mies, he discovers four prototypical roles among which intellectuals are distributed : a) gate keeper, b) moralist, c) protector and d) conservative. In his description of each of these roles, which is based largely upon examples of american intellectuals, the author discusses both the different political behaviorsthat assure a role for "knowledge and culture" and the social conditions which contribute to the development of such behaviors.

In France, the intense public debate on pesticides is still hardly accessible to agricultural workers, even though they are expected to change their practices and are highly exposed. This configuration of pesticide use "transition" raises health, environmental and social justice issues, as do specific social movements, such as Environmental Justice in the United States or "ecologism of the poor" in the South (Martinez-Alier, 2014). We hypothesize that the weak voice of farmworkers in the public space is a sign of hindered capabilities (Sen 2000, de Munck 2008). Whether they are employees or farmers participating in winegrowing work, our research aims to identify the social processes, sometimes different, that strengthen or weaken their capabilities to express their concerns about pesticides. We test this hypothesis using an original methodological choice, an action-research committed to empowering vineyard workers in Gironde. It turns out that "strong" frames (risk management and occupational health policies) make it impossible for workers to express their concerns about pesticides. Other structural factors on the scale of the territory and the wine sector mean that the silencing of workers is dominant without being total. The "operational" difficulties in setting up a group of winegrowers, and even more so for the employees, are therefore particularly revealing of these antagonistic processes of (in)capacity at play in the transition to pesticides.

Keywords: capabilités, travailleurs agricoles, recherche-action, inégalités de participation, pesticides, émancipation, lieu professionnel, viticulture, Gironde, capabilities, agricultural workers, action research, pesticides, empowerment, workplace, viticulture, Gironde

Although it is difficult to accurately estimate the socio-economic impacts for countries, some studies show that acts of corruption break the social fabric of communities and trample on the notion of general interest by interfering in the functioning of markets, companies and states. Faced with this international “collective evil”, the fight against corruption and efforts to prevent it have become, since the 1990s, a priority in the reform of countries and their institutions. The main objective of this article is to provide a summary of the laws to help managers of public and private organizations wishing to disentangle the normative web of Canadian international and national law on corruption. We will also see some significant decisions on this subject from Canadian courts. Economic criminal law is a sector of law that has changed considerably over the years, and which will still undergo significant changes in the more or less short future. It is important for managers to be aware of this evolution since these standards can have considerable impacts on the management and governance of their organization.

Keywords: Corruption, Corruption, prévention, prevent, droit international canadien, canadian international law, droit national canadien, canadian national law, public organizations, organisations puibliques, private organizations, organisations privées

ABSTRACTPollen and macrofossil analyses, as well as radiocarbon dating, of four cores of postglacial lake sediments collected from central Nouveau-Québec, provide an estimate of the minimum age for the disappearance of some of the last remnants of the Wisconsinan ice in Québec, and allow a reconstruction of the postglacial history of the vegetation. The final stages of déglaciation span from about 6200 to about 5600 years BP. The first date marks the time of inception of the final stagnation of the ice southwest of the terminal ice-divide and the second gives the minimum age of the final melting of the ice on the uplands north of the divide. The time which elapsed between the uncovering of the cored lake basins by the ice and the accumulation of datable organic matter in these was short due to the rapid colonisation of the newly uncovered land by trees, shrubs and herbs. Green alder (Alnus crispa) and larch (Larix laricina) dominated the landscape at first, but all the other species of trees and shrubs were already present. From ca. 5500 to 4400 years BP, the region supported a dense black spruce (Picea mariana) taiga. The main feature of the subsequent postglacial history of the vegetation is the opening of the arboreal cover around 4700 to 4400 years BP reflecting the cooling of the regional climate. The only indication of possible postglacial climatic fluctuations other than the general cooling trend are represented by two pollen influx pulses of white birch (Betula papyrifera) between 5760 and 4750 years BP and between 3600 and 2500 years BP, recorded at one of the sites.

Numerous historical sources praise Pasquini's distinct playing and accompanying style as “the most authentic, beautiful and noble way to play and accompany” (Gaspariani 1722). What can we infer about building the required knowledge for realizing a stylistically “correct” improvisation based on analyzing his pedagogical works? By borrowing a theoretical framework from didactics, this article attempts to describe pedagogical elements likely to encourage building stylistic knowledge and grasp the singularity of Pasquini's didactic approach.

Keywords: partimenti, basse chiffrée, savoir expert, savoir savant, didactique de l'improvisation, style, forme, sources historiques, partimenti, figured bass, expert knowledge, scholarly knowledge, improvisation didactic, style, form, historical sources

Second of a trilogy dedicated to human resource management (HRM) in small businesses (SMEs), this paper summarizes a study that describes and comments the major HRM maintenance activities in small and medium-sized firms. Much of the available international literature has been reviewed and analyzed, based on empirical data obtained from several European and North- American surveys. A first global trend shows that, overall, compensation and fringe benefits are the most formalized HRM activities. Between 45 and 80 % of SMEs formalize these practices through policies and procedures, these figures increasing with organizational size and unionization level. In fact, SME owners and managers pay particular attention to these HRM activities as they constantly face losing their highly qualified resources to larger competitors, and are more likely to offer attractive compensation packages. These competitive constraints, along with other contingency factors, partly explain the increasing use of more sophisticated incitative and involvement packages, even if these methods remain optional in France (for SMEs smaller than 100 employees) and in most other western countries.On the other hand, the situation totally differs for performance appraisal, which is substantially less formalized in SMEs. With HR planning and job analysis, this appraisal is the least structured and the most misapplied by owners and managers, who often personally evaluate their employees' performance in a paternalist manner. As for compensation, the formalization level of performance appraisal varies with organizational size and unionization. In fact, evaluation policies are three times less frequent in firms with less than 150 employees, compared to small firms having less than 25 persons. Evaluation criteria usually refer to the individual employee and to his results, rather than to his professional behaviors, and are thus harder to define and to observe on a continuous basis. Finally, HR maintenance activities, whilst generally less formalized, occur in SMEs at various levels, again emphasizing the strong heterogeneous character of small and medium-sized firms, thus limiting any kind of generalization related to their HRM practices.