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A source of food for the populations, agriculture represents a key economic activity for precarious urban households and plays a major role in the food system of the city of Ziguinchor. It is characterized by a diversity of actors, organized or not in networks, and its products pass through various marketing circuits, thus contributing to the food security of city dwellers. This food security is now one of the major challenges for the city, linked to population growth. It leads to new relationships between agricultural actors and urban actors in a rapidly expanding city. Through the supply of city dwellers with vegetables, this article looks back on the actors of agriculture, in particular women farmers, the circuits, the practices, and the challenges of the development of agricultural activity in the city of Ziguinchor. These learnings are all keys to understanding urban production basins, links, networks, and distribution circuits of local or non-local food products in the city of Ziguinchor. The analysis is based on a questionnaire and a corpus of interviews conducted with commercial players (wholesalers, retailers, intermediaries), market gardeners and consumers. The results show a mobilization of networks used by various actors and distribution channels of food products. In addition, the diversity of actors, networks, mobilized flows and circuits helps to promote results in terms of food security.

Keywords: Agriculture urbaine, système alimentaire, circuits courts alimentaires, proximité, sécurité alimentaire, Ziguinchor, Sénégal, Urban Agriculture, Food System, Short Food Circuits, Geographic Proximity, Food Safety, Ziguinchor, Senegal

The restructuring of Tunisian and Moroccan educational systems following the decolonization led to a dualistic system : on one hand, the neglected state education and on the other hand, a highly elitist public or private education for the ruling class of both countries. At the end of this elitist education in Tunisia or Morocco, one of the best ways for pursuing academic studies is the training given in France by the preparatory classes for entrance to the Grandes Ecoles. Two years of preparatory classes allow entrance to these Grande Ecoles by competitive examination. The presented study is the outcome of a research held in a Parisian boarding school, which welcomes young North African women in preparatory classes. The study emphasizes how the students gender is interlinked with their social class. The objective is to explore to what extent those studying orientations, driven by the strategies of the family, are modified or not by the students gender and the one of the relatives who have influenced them.

This article seeks to outline the complex pattern of liberty and national security in international relations through a survey of the historical relationship between those concerns in the foreign policy of what is still the world's most important democratic country, the United States. This study is not a history per se of American diplomacy concerning this cluster of issues, although it is historical in approach. Nor is it directly concerned with an on-going theoretical debate over whether or not democracies are inherently more peaceful than other types of states, despite drawing upon elements of that debate and having implications for it. Instead, what is presented here is an interpretive survey of the importance in U.S. foreign policy of a set of key ideas about international order — specifically, the attempt to resolve ideas of "American mission " with the requirements of security, through increasingly active linkage of U.S. national security to the internal character of foreign regimes. It then explores how that tension became manifest in two policy settings : the United Nations, one of America's major multilateral relationship s, and the Soviet Union, its principal bilateral relationship. In short, this study is concerned with governing ideas in American diplomacy; with how such ideas arise and are sustained or challenged; with how they have been disseminated among allies (and even adversaries) ; and the implications of the reality that the United States have succeeded in imbedding these notions in the structures of the international System. The essay concludes with what should prove a controversial, qualified approval of the new 'liberal realism' evident in American foreign policy in the early 1990s.

AbstractAppropriating Translation — Through a study of selected articles bearing on translation and colonization in a French newspaper (Le Constitutionnel), this paper attempts to show how political power and interpretation or translation are articulated in journalistic discourse.The articles studied all appeared in the paper in a period of several weeks in March-April 1847, a period which coincides with the publication in serial form of H. de Balzac's last novel (Le Cousin Pons). They cover subjects as varied as the legal status of translation, the competence to evaluate translation and knowledge about newly annexed territories, the proper reporting of a slave massacre as well as the possible liberalization of the Prussian monarchy. A number of constants are found to underlie all these issues as the newspaper raises them : the political justification of property, the rationalization of capital's expansion, the exploitation of colonies, the defense of economic liberalism. All of these are found to be homologous with the discursive strategies the newspaper employs to contend with the few instances of translation it deals with.The primary stratagem the daily uses to establish its authority — and to justify its ideology — consists in presenting only its own translation of the documents and events while restricting or discouraging access to originals. In so doing, the newspaper "appropriates" translation : it makes its version (which, at some level, implies a naturalization of property) appear as the only proper one.