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3391.
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3395.More information
This essay explores an ambitious and forgotten attempt by the Spanish empire to relocate thousands of Mescalero, Chiricahua, and Western Apaches from their homeland onto eight reservation-like establecimientos (establishments or settlements) along New Spain's northern frontier beginning in 1786. Spanish military officers offered gifts, rations, and protection to Apaches in order to curb their livestock raids and transform them into sedentary agriculturalists. This paper examines the pros and cons of this resettlement program from Apache and Hispanic perspectives and argues that although a minority of peaceful Apaches (Apaches de paz) worked together with Spaniards and Mexicans to reduce violence in the region, the majority creatively adapted to reassert their independence and maintain dominion over their territory by 1831.
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