Documents found
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161.More information
AbstractThis article proposes to take another look at Chris Marker's film Sans soleil (Sunless, 1982) from the perspective of Walter Benjamin's theory of the flâneur, who illustrates the experience of an active memory while moving about in space. This re-reading will use theories developed in the field of contemporary anthropology to illustrate a new relation with space found in the contemporary political situation in the West. This situation creates the possibility of encounters based on a contingent relation with space rather than with time or narrative. It also reconfigures our relationship to identity. The images in Marker's film offer a new experience of the spaces which overwhelm our often “touristic” view of the outside world. This analysis of Sans soleil will also make it possible to address the concept of the encounter from two different perspectives. On the one hand, the film raises the problem of the desire for encounters and the impossibility of fulfilling this desire, a theme apparent in the narrator's relationship with the traveller Krasna. On the other hand, encounters are sometimes shown as being possible. Some of the scattered images which make up the film reveal peculiar relations with spaces, making it possible to establish a degree of rapport with those who live or have lived there. In light of the issues raised by contemporary anthropology and Benjamin's flâneur, the relation with space as depicted in Sans soleil therefore invites us to rethink our conceptions of experience, the body, relations and identity.
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162.More information
AbstractNeo-pentecostalism is a recent form of an emotional neo-evangelical religiosity which developed in Latin America throughout the XXth Century. Brazil has been very important in the dynamics of this movement and is the cradle of the Universal Church of Kingdom of God (Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus), considered by various scientists as the paradigma of transnationalized Latin-American Neo-Pentecostalism. Founded in 1977 in Rio de Janeiro, the IURD is implanted in America, in Africa, in Japan and in Eastern and Western Europe. In this last region, except Portugal, it has little success with the natives but is massively joined by immigrant populations, especially the Portuguese and West-Africans in Paris, the Afro-Caribbeans and Pakistanese in London. After having circumscribed the elements defining the different categories of Pentecostalism and Neo-Pentecostalism, this paper presents briefly some ceremonies, and analyzes the specific ritual strategies used for proselytism, and the probable reasons of such a large spread for a symbolic universe that is roughly different from the cultural traditions of its new followers.
Keywords: Aubrée, néo-pentecôtisme, IURD, immigration, Europe, Brésil, Aubrée, Neo-pentecostalism, IURD, immigration, Europe, Brazil
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164.More information
Since the early 2000s, the African continent has been experiencing a cycle of strong economic growth, but the structural transformations needed for its economies to truly emerge have been slower in coming. Quality jobs remain scarce, and informal employment remains the norm in the labour market. The heterogeneity of this informal economy makes it complex to define and harder to be factored into public policy. The objectives of supporting and modernizing production units and of formalizing and bringing them into line with a certain number of standards and regulations are two complementary sides of any economic policy aimed at tackling the challenges that such informality poses for emerging economies.
Keywords: Afrique, émergence, économie informelle, microentreprises, productivité, formalisation, Africa, emergence, informal economy, microbusinesses, productivity, formalization, África, emergencia, economía informal, microempresas, productividad, formalización
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165.More information
In January 2015, as part of my post-doctoral research into the autobiographical work of the Brazilian-Israeli filmmaker, David Perlov, I spend a month in Tel Aviv, Israel. I arrive with my family – my parents and my sister – and we rent an apartment. The afternoon of our arrival, a tempest of wind, rain and sand prevents us from leaving the house for a few days. In the confines of the apartment, between family discussions, we follow the television pictures of the latest events. But we can't speak Hebrew. Bemused, faced with pictures of the white storm paralysing the country, we learn about the attack on Charlie Hebdo in Paris, the city we had only just passed through on our way to Israel from Brazil. But we can't understand. Everything, in that situation, became impenetrable : from the television screen to the cityscape through the window giving nothing away.
Keywords: Israël, Tel-Aviv, David Perlov, mémoire, Israël, Tel-Aviv, David Perlov, memory
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AbstractThis article presents the results of an analysis of the Environmental Training-Information Programme (ETIP) in Senegal between 1990 and 2001, from the perspective of its contribution to social connections. It is based on a case study that was done as part of a doctoral thesis. An analysis of the data shows that this program, without creating a radical rupture from traditional social equilibrium, acted as an important catalyst for the transformation of social connections within and around the school. The principle changes that were observed deal with the following aspects: the recognition of the social role and the status and of children, the emergence of a new collegiality between the school actors and the construction of a new school-community partnership. This study leads to the conclusion that the ETIP made a substantial contribution to the transformation of social connections in Senegal. However, the permanence of this change will largely depend on the forms that environmental education will take following the curriculum reform now in progress in Senegal elementary schools.
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168.More information
In the Haitian collective memory, the term “congo” is an insult: it refers to a person prone to submission and betrayal. In the face of verifiable history, this is a paradox. This article tries to elucidate that paradox. It begins with the hypothesis that this Congo is an imaginary construct, resulting from a quasi-racial categorization and an assignment of identity. The author shows how a disparaging image was elaborated during the course of the war of independence in the dynamics of the power struggle between the various groups of insurgents over the direction of the war. In the wake of Haitian independence, the image was taken up and developed by the wealthy minority newly brought to power in their efforts to legitimate their domination of the reenslaved farming masses. Today, the function of justification and legitimisation of the negative image of the Congo has lost any relevance and effectiveness. Yet the image survives with its social function, like a legend spun out of control: a Congo of the imagination has been superimposed upon a Congo of reality.
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169.More information
The face in the works of Chris Marker appears as a central aspect of his reflection on the image and memory; it offers itself as something to be read and decrypted, while always slipping away beneath masks, between the shards of time. The hypothesis of this article is that the face provides us a reading key to traverse his complex body of works: it appears as a privileged figure of mediation, revealing its promises and its aporias, its dissimulations as well as its moments of truth.
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170.More information
AbstractThis article is devoted to the relevance of the thesis dealing with the widening gap between the standards of living of poor and rich nations. Even if this thesis isn't a new one, however it is doing a strong come back nowadays with the debates entailed by the globalisation and the anti-globalisation. Leaning on very serious and recent statistic series, the author is establishing first that the notion of « global gap » – difficult to define – hasn't actually much meaning. In addition, hoping or wishing a « convergence » of the two groups of countries at short or medium time is rather part of a dream. Finally, going further than the probably too globalising vision of the question examined, he shows that the different national evolutions (especially the demographic and economic growths) in a lot of less developed countries lead to a doubtful position about the absolute validity of the « widening gap thesis » and lead to shade deeply the more frequently proposed conclusions, excessively pessimistic according to the author.