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The area catchment of Abiergué, located in the urban perimeter of Yaounde between 11°05' and 11°25' East longitude and between 3°51' and 3°54' North latitude experiencing an important truck-farming activity in its bottoms funds from Nkolbikok to Nkolbisson. A study started in 2005 in this area, has for main objective to contribute to the enhancement of this activity while working to reduce the involved risks (health and environmental). Many activities have been developed using a transdisciplinary approach. The socio-economic conditions of the actors implied in this die have been described. The constraints and the assets related to the development of the urban truck farming were raised. The wastewater comes from various origins (households, market, health centres,…) and have significant levels of BOD5 (10 to 360 mg O2 /l), COD (15 to 601 mg O2 /l), Fecal Coliform (5025 UFC/100ml to 3 x 106 UFC/100ml), Fecal Streptococci (1960 UFC/100ml to 138 000 UFC/100ml). Variable rates of cysts of protozoa (Entamoeba hystolotica and Giardia sp) and eggs of helminths were detected in this water. The reuse of wastewater has for corollary the emergence of waterborne diseases such as intestinal amebiasis which as well assigns the actors engaged in this die as the population in general independently of sex, age or social status. Many practices and many risk behaviors contribute to the spread of waterborne diseases.Despite the risk of waterborne diseases, this activity contributes significantly to food security, strengthening the economic potential, development of urban space in short to improve conditions and the framework of life of the categories of actors involved in this activity in particular and population in general. Actions economically viable, socially acceptable and ecologically sustainable are to be implemented by State or NGO in order to reduce the negative aspects and strengthen the positive aspects of this multipurpose activity.

Keywords: maraîchage urbain, eaux usées, gestion intégrée des ressources en eau, écosystème, santé humaine, écosanté, Abiergué, Cameroun, urban truck farming, wastewater, integrated water resources management, ecosystem, human health, ecohealth, Abiergué, Cameroun

Never detached from its performance (which is also its symbolic function), speech is addressed: it goes from one to the other, regardless of the value of what it says, which cannot be dissociated from its value as tessera. It is the fate of speech to pass, to circulate, to create bonds, to be taken up again and again, to be repeated, reported, distorted. The fact that speech is oral does not mean that it is the opposite of writing or the letter. For the Bible, speech is writing made flesh, as Ezekiel, and John at Patmos, show us. Speech is that outside that speaks itself inside me. After quickly passing over the work of Jacques Ferron and Victor-Lévy Beaulieu, this article analyzes the status of speech in the work of Gilbert La Rocque. In La Rocque's writing, magnetized by the shadow mouth of the maternal, the “inter-dit”—meaning in French both “what is forbidden” and “said in between”—cannot be dissociated from “le dire,” “the saying,” which the subject takes up against his or her own death. For La Rocque, moments when the past rises up are heard as prosodic islands that return like a multiplicity of the “I” that hears them and relates them. Memory does not save us: it is what, in the speaking voice, bears witness to the immanent violence of the Other.

AbstractThere is nothing more American et first glance than Yves Beau-chemin's Le Matou, an urban novel that tells the story of one young Quebecois's capitalist initiation. However, a closer look at the character of Ratablavsky allows us to recognize the persistent presence in Beauchemin's work of not only certain French traditions (Rabelais, La Fontaine), but also a distinctly Quebec cultural tradition showing an attachment to "spiritual" values as well as a fear mixed with fascination towards foreigners. Taking into consideration other texts by the same author (L'Enfirouapé, Juliette Pomerleau), one observes a gradual ideological clarification, at the end of which the former "theocracy" is replaced by charity and a new Quebec identity crystallizing around the communal powerlessness of minority groups. Such an analysis gives rise to more global considerations concerning the evolution during which a given society can elaborate certain norms and values subject to a permanent process of questioning and renewal.

A group of teachers and students in a social work school have attempted to create new relationships between theory and practice. After a few years of multidisciplinary work, the social work programme was oriented towards an experimental model of self-managed learning and research-action. The experience has shown that the learning of specific theoretical concepts and basic information does not have to be separated from social work practice.

AbstractThis paper aims to present an overview of the history of translation in Sub-Saharan Africa, and attempts to cover the major periods of its history and the main regions of the continent. From precolonial times to today's neocolonial period, translation and interpreting have always played a major role in enabling communication between disparate groups such as between kings and their subjects, colonizers and colonized, or in more contemporary times, between linguistic communities in a highly multicultural and multilingual Africa. Over the centuries, translation has been involved in many key sectors of activity in Africa ranging from politics and administration to culture and religion. Translation in this context has involved a great variety of language combinations between African languages, European languages and Arabic, as well as some traditional forms of intersemiotic translation. The history of translation in Africa reflects the rich and complex history of the continent and the various linguistic and cultural contacts and exchanges that have shaped and defined its destiny.

Keywords: Afrique subsaharienne, traduction postcoloniale, tradition orale, langues vernaculaires, traducteurs-performeurs

The devastating passage of hurricane Sandy, on the American eastern coast in October 2012, appeared like an opportunity to redesign the shore layout in view of preparing for an inevitable recurrence of other extreme storms. Since taking up this challenge could only be done by innovation, the challenges brought on by climate changes prompted the federal government to launch the Rebuild by Design international contest, with the objective of developing adaptive strategies that distinguish themselves from the rigid protection measures commonly recommended. Since this required evolution consistent with the planning methods, a vast integrated design undertaking was launched involving finalist teams and actors from different backgrounds. Amongst the leading projects selected were Dryline and its water retention park. This integrated protection system, intended to make the southern end of Manhattan Island resilient to floods, contributed to designing the structure of an of an audacious approach. This approach is based on larger water accommodation capacity in a heavily urbanized environment, up to when a number of local constraints triggers returning to a more traditional risk management strategy.

Demographic aging raises fundamental issues in the response of social actors to the health needs of seniors. The purpose of this contribution is twofold. It consists, on the one hand, of identifying the main health issues facing Francophone seniors in minority communities and, on the other hand, of examining the situation of social inequalities and the resulting living conditions as a determinant of health, as well as to the quality of and access to services from a territorial development perspective. The results of our analysis show that the minority/majority ratio reflects a social inequality which, coupled with other social determinants, contributes de facto to the formation of health disparities, hence the need to implement a policy for seniors living in Francophone minority communities designed to reduce such disparities.