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Since the relatively recent arrival of the Waorani in modern Western culture, the Amazonian environment in which they live has been marked by the presence of numerous oil fields. Today, they find themselves in a challenging position between the lure of technology, the drawing power of the city and the protection of their territory against large-scale tree-cutting, oil extraction and pollution. Based on ethnographic fieldwork carried out in 2021 in four Waorani communities in Ecuador - Obepare, Toñampare, Tihueno and Bameno - this article aims to show, and even help us feel, the close relationship that the Waorani maintain with their environment.

This contribution forms part of the networks and internationalization approach. It is based on observations made over a period of 23 years – from 1993 to the present day – of 241 companies operating in the life sciences sector and located in the Berlin/Brandenburg area, as well as the 1,779 technological collaborations with which they are associated. The structural and multilevel analyses of the networks implemented by these companies highlight the impact of local and national network structures on speed, intensity and diversity of internationalization processes. Differences in the structure thus appear to be at the origin of variations in the scope of internationalization.

Keywords: Internationalisation, réseaux, collaboration technologique, Internationalization, networks, technological collaboration, Internacionalización, Redes, Cooperación tecnológica

Globalization, through the circulation of ideas and increased meeting spaces between individuals, prompts a homogenization of formulas for public action, despite the great diversity of institutional systems. According to numerous accounts, public policies introduced in Montréal in 1999 that were aimed at fighting socio-spatial segregation borrowed largely from the policy of the French city. This article aims to analyze the process that guided this transfer and the convergence of these public policies with the French model of city policy. Far from subscribing to the uniformization of public action, the goal is to grasp the articulation between Montréal's political and institutional context and the exogenous element in the making of these public policies. Drawing attention to the implementation of these policies in Parc-Extension will help us understand the potential role of local actors in the transfer of foreign public policy models.

Beginning in the mid-1980s, in the context of a genuine green revolution, Vietnamese agriculture underwent major transformations. In several regions, traditional crops gave way to intensive rice monoculture, a trend favoured by reforms associated with Doi Moi. This generated a number of problems, in the face of which new government policies were adopted favouring in turn more sustainable agricultural systems. Through case studies carried out in two Mekong delta communes, we examine two integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems promoted by the government's support programme for sustainable agriculture and conclude that these systems can to some degree reach both the government's goals and adhere to the principles of sustainable agriculture.

Keywords: agriculture, aquaculture, durabilité, système intégré, riz, soja, poissons, jardin, Vuon Ao Chuong, VAC, agriculture, aquaculture, sustainability, integrated system, rice, soybean, fish, garden, Vuon Ao Chuong, VAC

The definition of environmental policies in developing countries is affected by globalization of such issues and the change in governments' interventions. Based on regulatory approaches for ages, environmental policy tends nowadays to promote more incentive tools called market-bases instruments.This article aims at illustrating the trend in Cambodia from data field surveys conducted in 2010 with a sample of local stakeholders: policy makers, NGO officers and donors. The objective is to understand the emergence of the pair of notions eco-system services (ES) and payment for environmental services (PES) in conservation policies implemented in the country (areas of biodiversity and carbon sequestration mainly) and international influence in this process.The paper shows that the initial conservation strategies based on regulatory approaches with the establishment of protected areas, have had mixed success in particular to reduce deforestation. Over the recent years, the concept of SE has been quickly circulated within government offices (Forestry Administration, Ministry of Environment). Number of conservation projects conducted by international NGOs (such as CI, WCS) has also sought to recognize the value of protected ecosystems. In this objective, they have experienced payment devices to rural/forest communities sitting on environmentally-friendly practices related to the conservation of fragile habitats. Cambodian legal framework has not yet recognized, so far, the concept of PES (based on the beneficiary pays principle) and significant obstacles remain in the development of such mechanisms on a large scale.

Keywords: Cambodge, Paiements pour Services Environnementaux (PSE), politiques publiques, services environnementaux (SE), Cambodia, ecosystem Services (ES), Payment for Environmental Services (PES), public policies

SummaryVarious studies have shown that worker health and safety are related, among other things, to the characteristics of the organization to which workers belong, and the social interactions taking place within the organization. Our study centres on understanding what influence the context has on creating positive change, in terms of occupational health and safety prevention, resulting from external interventions.Our theoretical framework is based on three complementary sources: the work of Dawson et al. (1988) for whom the organization's “capacity” and “willingness” play a role in explaining the scope and limits of a regime based on the principle of self-regulation; the theory of labour market segmentation, where the influence of the structural characteristics of organizations is examined, and the research undertaken by Reynaud (1988, 1991, 1997) which focuses on the relationships between the actors in the workplace.Seven case studies were carried out during the same number of interventions by joint occupational health and safety sector-based association advisors, in six workplaces. These workplaces varied greatly in terms of size, worker qualification levels, gender and ethnic origin, wage levels and staff turnover. The first case study began in September 1999, and the last ended in the spring of 2000. The data consisted of (non participatory) observations carried out during visits the advisors made at the workplaces (43), semi-structured interviews (50) and telephone conversations (8) with the advisors' contacts and with those actors in a position to influence the intervention and the outcome of the proposed changes. Twenty-six interviews and 41 telephone conversations with the advisors were also analyzed, as were ten other interviews and height telephone conversations for validation purposes. In total, 186 data sources were thus analyzed. Each proposed change was recorded and its outcome documented (accepted or not, implemented or not).Observations support the hypothesis that the structural characteristics of the workplace influence the degree to which prevention activities had been developed at the outset of the intervention, these activities being more developed in cases where the structural characteristics of the workplace match the characteristics of the primary segment of the labour market. However, in the cases studied, this relation does not seem to be determinative. Furthermore, similarity with the characteristics of the primary segment does not necessarily “guarantee” a high level of organization in prevention. Sustained cooperation between the workplace and the sector-based associations, in setting up an Occupational Health and Safety Joint Committee and establishing a structured set of prevention activities, also helped to further develop these activities. This external support appears to have a moderating effect on the trend defined by the structural characteristics. Observations suggest that prevention activities can be classified in accordance with three large structural stages of prevention. Moving from one level to the next involves a significant qualitative leap in prevention. The outcome of the change proposals was partly contingent on the magnitude of the gap between the activities already in place (and the assets available to sustain them), on the one hand, and the capacities required to put the new activities in place, on the other. The spontaneous structuring of prevention does not follow a logic based on the preventive efficiency of each measure taken, but rather that of the assets that are required. This stresses the relevance of external advice and statutory provisions aiming to organize prevention and ensure worker representation. In order to understand the context in which the interventions take place, our study also examines how, within the framework in the context defined by the structural characteristics of the workplace, the actors regulate the risks associated with the workplace, through their own actions and interactions. Social regulations observed around OHS matters in the different workplaces can be compared with each other and situated in a continuum where, at one end, they can be qualified as being “unorganized” (due to the “exit” associated with high employee turnover), and at the other end, “organized” with workers forming a collective body allowing for an expression of their “voice” in discussions with their employer on the subject of occupational health and safety. This can either be informal, between employees and supervisors, or formal, through a joint health and safety committee, negotiations between a trade union and an employer, etc. This interaction, however, does not guarantee action in the field of prevention, although the formation of a collective body by workers does seem to be an essential step. Results point to the contribution of external advice in structuring the prevention measures. Government intervention is also seen as necessary in order to ensure the organization of prevention and workers representation.

SummaryThere exists a culture of sociology, created in the period 1945-1970, and based on three simple axioms, derived respectively from Durkheim, Marx, and Weber. This culture has been subject in the last 25 years to six major challenges coming from within and without the cultural community: doubts about the concept of formal rationality; a civilizational challenge; the concept of multiple social times; the sciences of complexity and the end of certainties; gender as a structuring variable even in the sciences; and the view that modernity has never existed. Can sociology deal adequately with these challenges?

Keywords: culture de la sociologie, faits sociaux, conflit social, légitimation, rationalité, civilisation, temporalités sociales, sciences de la complexité, sexe, modernité, culture of sociology, social facts, social conflict, legitimation, rationality, civilization, social times, sciences of complexity, gender, modernity, cultura sociológica, hechos sociales, conflicto social, legitimidad, racionalidad, civilización, temporalidades sociales, ciencias de la complejidad, género, modernidad

In this paper we attempted to reveal some conceptual affinities or similarities between Buddhism and Structuralism. In the introduction we tried to characterize the limit and nature of this work in mentioning the lack of fundamental studies on the whole history of the influence that Buddhism hadd on the French human sciences of the 20th century. We want to make clear that this investigation is not a comparative philosophy in a strict sense. Meanwhile a certain comparativism was executed to find out some analogies in the deep structure of two great roads of human thinking. This article intends to focus on some convergences instead of divergences to examine the metaphysical foundations of two structuralist thinkers, Saussure and Lévi-Strauss, in Buddhist philosophy. The author evoked three main themes: emptiness, criticism of self, deconstruction of anthropocentrism.