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AbstractThis paper examines the image of the Russian Jewry in the memoir of Max Lilienthal, a Jewish-German author who explored the Russian Pale of settlement on official mandate in 1839. In so doing, he built a representational space of a persecuted minority in the tsarist empire, a minority already diversified and fragmented, under complex and polarizing pressures to reform (within traditional frames). The many challenges of Jewish modernization under Nicholas I, as understood by Lilienthal, become even more dramatic when compared with a contemporary text of travels in the Russian empire, the famous « La Russie en 1839 » by Astolphe de Custine, a text that gave an iconic representation of the police state in its dealings with minority religious and ethnic groups.