Abstracts
Résumé
Objectif : L’objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer si les stresseurs du conflit travail-famille modèrent l’association entre la parentalité et la consommation d’alcool parmi les adultes canadiens en emploi. Méthode : En s’appuyant sur le pendant canadien de l’étude GENACIS internationale (GENder Alcohol and Culture: an International Study), l’échantillon est composé de 3 403 femmes et 3 295 hommes en emploi, âgés de 18 à 55 ans et qui ont indiqué avoir consommé de l’alcool au moins une fois au cours des 12 mois précédant l’enquête. Des analyses de régression hiérarchique ont été effectuées afin de tester l’hypothèse de modération. Résultats : Les principales conclusions peuvent être résumées comme suit : i) le rôle parental est négativement associée à la consommation d’alcool ; ii) les stresseurs du conflit travail-famille ne sont pas associés à la consommation d’alcool chez les hommes et ils ne sont que marginalement associés à la consommation d’alcool chez les femmes ; iii) les stresseurs du conflit travail-famille ne modèrent pas l’association entre le rôle parental et la consommation d’alcool. Conclusion : Les futures recherches devraient porter sur les processus spécifiques selon lesquels la parentalité structure la consommation d’alcool. Il serait aussi pertinent de vérifier si l’effet du rôle parental sur la consommation d’alcool est plus marqué dans des contextes de consommation qui favorisent la consommation abusive d’alcool.
Mots-clés :
- consommation d’alcool,
- rôle parental,
- conflit de rôles,
- sexe,
- GENACIS,
- Canada
Abstract
Aim: The goal of this study is to assess whether between-role stressors moderate the association between parenthood and alcohol consumption among a Canadian population of adults workers. Method: Using the GENACIS Canada study (GENder Alcohol and Culture: an International Study), the analytical sample includes 6,689 current drinkers (3,403 women and 3,295 men) aged between 18 and 55 and whose daily occupation was “working for pay” at the time they were surveyed. Hierarchical regression analyses were performed to test a moderation hypothesis. Results: The main findings can be summarized as follows: i) parenthood is negatively associated to alcohol use; ii) between-role stressors are not associated to men’s alcohol use and marginally associated to women’s alcohol use; iii) between-role stressors do not moderate the association between the parental role and alcohol use. Conclusion : Future research may investigate the specific processes through which parenthood in itself structures alcohol use. It would also be worthwhile to verify whether the effect of parenthood on alcohol use is intensified within specific drinking contexts where heavy drinking is most likely to occur.
Keywords:
- alcohol consumption,
- parental role,
- role conflict,
- gender,
- GENACIS,
- Canada
Resumen
Objetivo: este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar si los factores estresores del conflicto trabajo-familia moderan la asociación entre la parentalidad y el consumo de alcohol entre los adultos canadienses empleados. Método: basándose en el aspecto canadiense del estudio internacional GENACIS (GÉNero, alcohol y cultura: un estudio internacional), la muestra se compone de 3.403 mujeres y 3.295 hombres empleados cuyas edades se sitúan entre los 18 y los 55 años y que indicaron haber consumido alcohol por lo menos una vez durante los 12 meses que precedieron la encuesta. Se efectuaron análisis de regresión jerárquica para probar la hipótesis de la moderación. Resultados: las principales conclusiones pueden resumirse de la siguiente manera: 1) el rol parental está negativamente asociado con el consumo de alcohol; 2) los estresores del conflicto trabajo-familia no están relacionados con el consumo de alcohol entre los hombres y están sólo marginalmente vinculados con el consumo de alcohol entre las mujeres ; 3) los estresores del conflicto trabajo-familia no moderan la asociación entre el rol parental y el consumo de alcohol. Conclusión: las investigaciones futuras deberían tener como objetivo los procesos específicos según los cuales la parentalidad estructura el consumo de alcohol. Sería también pertinente verificar si el efecto del rol parental en el consumo de alcohol es más marcado en los contextos de consumo que favorecen el consumo abusivo de alcohol.
Palabras clave:
- consumo de alcohol,
- parentalidad,
- conflicto de roles,
- sexo,
- GENACIS,
- Canadá
Download the article in PDF to read it.
Download
Appendices
Remerciements
Le financement de cette étude provient, en partie, d’une bourse à l’intention des candidats au doctorat affiliés au RISQ et d’une bourse à l’intention des candidats au doctorat affiliés à l’IRSPUM afin de leur permettre d’écrire des articles scientifiques. Cette étude a aussi bénéficié d’une subvention des Instituts de recherche en santé du Canada (IRSC) (Graham (PI) et Demers (Co-PI)). Nous remercions le personnel de l’Institute for Social Research de la York University et Jolicoeur pour leur soutien lors de la mise en oeuvre du sondage et, en particulier, David Northrup et Renée Elspett-Koeppen de l’ISR pour leur contribution à sa conception. Cette recherche a été effectuée dans le cadre du projet GENACIS, un projet multinational collaboratif dirigé par Sharon Wilsnack, affilié avec la Kettil Bruun Society for Social and Epidemiological Research on Alcool. Une version précédente de cet article a été présentée lors de la 35e conférence KBS annuelle qui s’est tenue à Copenhague, au Danemark, le 3 juin 2009.
Bibliographie
- Annandale, E. (1998). The sociology of health and medicine: a critical introduction. Cambridge, UK Malden, MA : Polity Press Blackwell Publishers.
- Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
- Bates, F. L. (1956). Position, role ans status: a reformulation of concepts. Social Forces, 34(May), 313-332.
- Bird, C. E., & Rieker, P. P. (2008). Gender and Health: The Effects of Contensioned Choices and Social Policies. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
- Bloomfield, K., Gmel, G., & Wilsnack, S. (2006). Introduction to special issue ‘Gender, Culture and Alcohol Problems: a Multi-national Study’. Alcohol & Alcoholism, 41(1), i3-7.
- Bromet, E. J., Dew, M. A., & Parkinson, D. K. (1990). Spillover between work and family: A study of blue-collar working women. In J. S. G. Eckenrode (Ed.), Stress Between Work and Family (pp. 133-151). New York : New York Plenum Press.
- Cho, Y. I., & Crittenden, K. S. (2006). The impact of adult roles on drinking among women in the United States. Substance Use and Misuse, 41(1), 17-34.
- Curtin, R., Presser, S., & Singer, E. (2005). Changes in Telephone Survey Nonresponse over the Past Quarter Century. Public Opinion Quarterly, 69(1), 87-98.
- Denton, M., Prus, S., & Walters, V. (2004). Gender differences in health: a Canadian study of the psychosocial, structural and behavioural determinants of health. Social Science & Medicine, 58(12), 2585-2600.
- Duxbury, L., & Higgins, C. (2003). Work-Life Conflict in Canada in the New Millennium – a Status Report. Health Canada, Ottawa : ON.
- Fornel, Quere. (2000). La logique des situations : nouveaux regards sur l’écologie des activités. Paris : Éditions de l’École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (Éditions de l’EHESS).
- Frazier, P., Tix, A. P., & Barron, K. E. (2004). Testing moderator and mediator effects in counseling psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(1), 115-134.
- Frone, M. R. (2000). Work-family conflict and employee psychiatric disorders: the National Comorbidity Survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(6), 888-895.
- Frone, M. R. (2008). Are Work Stressors Related to Employee Substance Use? The Importance of Temporal Context in Assessments of Alcohol et Illicit Drug Use. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 199.
- Frone, M. R., Russell, M., & Barnes, G. M. (1996). Work-family conflict, gender, and health-related outcomes: a study of employed parents in two community samples. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1(1), 57-69.
- Frone, M. R., Russell, M., & Cooper, M. L. (1993). Relationship of work-family conflict, gender, and alcohol expectancies to alcohol use/abuse. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 545-558.
- Frone, M. R., Russell, M., & Cooper, M. L. (1997). Relation of work-family conflict to health outcomes: a four-year longitudinal study of employed parents. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70, 325-336.
- Gmel, G., Bloomfield, K., Ahlstrom, S., Choquet, M., & Lecomte, T. (2000). Women’s Roles and Women’s Drinking: a Comparative Study in Four European Countries. Substance Abuse, 21(4), 249-264.
- Goffman, E. (1961). Encounters: Two Studies in the Sociology of Interaction. Macmillan Pub Co.
- Goffman, E. (1966). Behavior in Public Places: Notes on the Social Organization of Gatherings. Free Press.
- Goyder, J., & Frank, K. (2007). A Scale of Occupational Prestige in Canada, Based on CNP Major Groups. The Canadian Journal of Sociology, 32(1).
- Graham K., Demers A., Nadeau L., Rehm J., Poulin C., Dell C.A. and all. (2003). A multinational perspective on gender, alcohol and health: GENACIS Canada, a National Survey to be done in collaboration with the International GENACIS Project. Canadian Institutes of Health open competition operating grant.
- Hajema, K. J., & Knibbe, R. A. (1998). Changes in social roles as predictors of changes in drinking behaviour. Addiction, 93(11), 1717-1727.
- Hansen, K. M. (2007). The effects of incentives, interview lenght, and interviewer characteristics on response rates in a CATI-study. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 19(1), 112-121.
- Holmila, M., and Raitasalo, K. (2005). Gender differences in drinking: why do they still exist? Addiction, 100(12), 1763-1769.
- Human Resources and Development Canada (2001). Classification nationale des professions : Occupational Descriptions. Ottawa : Canadian Government Publishing.
- Joas, H. (1997). The Creativity of Action. Chicago : University of Chicago Press.
- Johnson, T., & Owens, L. (2003). Survey response rate reporting in the professional literature. Proceedings from 58th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Public Opinion Research, Nashville.
- Knibbe, R. A., Drop, M. J., & Muytjens, A. (1987). Correlates of stages in the progression from everyday drinking to problem drinking. Social Science & Medicine, 24(5), 463-473.
- Kuntsche, S., Gmel, G., Knibbe, R. A., Kuendig, H., Bloomfield, K., Kramer, S., & Grittner, U. (2006). Gender and cultural differences in the association between family roles, social stratification, and alcohol use: a European cross-cultural analysis. Alcohol & Alcoholism, 41(1), i37-46.
- Kuntsche, S., Knibbe, R. A., Gmel, G., & Kuntsche, E. (2009). Desperate housewives? The relevance of societal factors in the association between social roles and alcohol use. Proceedings from 35th Annual Alcool Epidemiology Symposium of the Kettil Bruun Society, Copenhagen: Danemark.
- Labouvie, E. (1996). Maturing out of substance use: selection and self-correction. Journal of Drug Issues, 26(2), 457-476.
- Leonard, K. E., & Eiden, R. D. (2007). Marital and Family Processes in the Context of Alcohol use and Alcohol disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3, 285-310.
- Marshall, K. (1993). Employed parents and the division of housework. Perspectives, 5(3).
- Marshall, K. (2006). Converging gender roles. Perspectives, 7(7), 5-17.
- Martuccelli, D. (2002a). Grammaires de l’individu. France: Gallimard.
- Martuccelli, D. (2002b). Rôle - Contextes. In Grammaires de l’individu (pp. 143-170). France: Gallimard.
- Merline, A. C., O’Malley, P. M., Schulenberg, J. E., Bachman, J. G., & Johnston, L. D. (2004). Substance use among adults 35 years of age: prevalence, adulthood predictors, and impact of adolescent substance use. American Journal of Public Health, 94(1), 96-102.
- Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2004). Gender differences in risk factors and consequences for alcohol use and problems. Clinical Psychologic Review, 24(8), 981-1010.
- Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Hilt, L. (2006). Possible contributors to the gender differences in alcohol use and problems. Journal of General Psychology, 133(4), 357-374.
- Paradis, C. (2011). Rôles sociaux et consommation d’alcool des femmes et des hommes au Canada : une analyse située du rôle parental. (Thèse de doctorat inédite), Université de Montréal.
- Paradis, C., Demers, A., & Nadeau, L. (1999). Positional roles changes and drinking patterns: Results of a longitudinal study. Contemporary Drug Problems, 26, 53-73.
- Paradis, C., Demers, A., Picard, E., & Graham, K. (2009). The importance of drinking frequency in evaluating individuals’ drinking patterns: implications for the development of national drinking guidelines. Addiction, 104(7), 1179-1184.
- Pérusse, D. (2003). New maternity and parental benefits. Perspectives, 4(3), 12-15.
- Prus, S. G., & Gee, E. (2003). Gender differences in the influence of economic, lifestyle, and psychosocial factors on later-life health. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 94(4), 306-309.
- Rogers, J. (2006). Do response rates matter in RDD telephone survey? Retrieved 11 janvier, 2008 from http://pri.sfsu.edu/corner.html
- Roy, F. (2006). From she to she: Changing patterns of womens in the Canadian labour force. Canadian Economic Observer, 19(6), 3.1-3.10.
- Shore, E. R. (1997). The relationship of gender balance at work, family responsibilities et workplace characteristics to drinking among male et female attorneys. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 58(3), 297-302.
- Whitty, M. T. (2001). The Myth of the Superwoman: Comparing Young Men’s et Women’s Stories of their Future Lives. Journal of Family Studies, 7(1), 87-100.
- Wilsnack, R. W., Vogeltanz, N. D., Wilsnack, S. C., Harris, T. R., Ahlstrom, S., Bondy, S. and all (2000). Gender differences in alcohol consumption and adverse drinking consequences: cross-cultural patterns. Addiction, 95(2), 251-265.