Abstracts
Abstract
Oil and gas exploration in Ontario began in the mid-1800s, leading to the first oil well drilled in 1858 and the first commercial gas well drilled in 1889. These early discoveries kicked off a boom of exploration and development drilling activity, but well records were not mandatory until 1919 after the introduction of the Natural Gas Act R.S.O.1918, c. 12. The Ontario Bureau of Mines estimated 10,000 operating oil wells in the province at the turn of the 20th century, but there are only records for approximately 1,500 wells. By 1970 there were an estimated 50,000 wells drilled in the province though there are only records for 27,000 wells, indicating there may be tens of thousands of unrecorded or lost wells in southwestern Ontario. Wells that are not properly plugged are a conduit for fluid movement, including brine, natural gas, oil, and hydrogen sulphide, to move from the subsurface to the surface. Historical well abandoning regulations required wells to be plugged with inferior materials including wood, clay, and rubble. Cement was not the standard plugging material until 1964. There are orphaned and legacy wells leaking natural gas and sulphur water (groundwater containing dissolved sulphate and hydrogen sulphide) creating a risk to public safety. Orphaned and legacy wells are also a risk for subsurface energy projects including geological storage of carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and compressed air energy, because the wells may provide a pathway for injected fluids to return to the surface. This study reviews well construction, legislation, and abandonment practices in Ontario beginning in 1858 and identifies five factors impacting the plugging and abandonment of orphaned and legacy wells.
Further work is required to locate unreported or lost wells and to develop new techniques to permanently plug wells to limit gas leakage, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and improve public and environmental safety.
Keywords:
- Health and Safety,
- History,
- Hydrogen Sulphide,
- Oil and Gas,
- Well abandonment,
- Well Construction
Résumé
La prospection pétrolière et gazière en Ontario a commencé au milieu des années 1800, conduisant au premier puits de pétrole foré en 1858 et au premier puits de gaz commercial foré en 1889. Ces premières découvertes ont donné le coup d'envoi à un essor des activités de forage d'exploration et d'exploitation, mais l'enregistrement des puits n'est devenu obligatoire qu'en 1919, après l'adoption de la Loi sur le gaz naturel, R.S.O.1918, c. 12. Le Bureau des mines de l'Ontario estime à 10 000 le nombre de puits de pétrole en exploitation dans la province au début du XXe siècle, mais il n'existe des registres que pour environ 1 500 puits. En 1970, on estimait à 50 000 le nombre de puits forés dans la province, mais il n'existe des registres que pour 27 000 puits, ce qui indique qu'il pourrait y avoir des dizaines de milliers de puits non répertoriés ou perdus dans le sud-ouest de l'Ontario. Les puits qui ne sont pas correctement obturés constituent un conduit pour le mouvement des fluides, y compris la saumure, le gaz naturel, le pétrole et le sulfure d'hydrogène, qui se déplacent du sous-sol vers la surface. Les anciennes réglementations relatives à l'abandon des puits exigeaient que les puits soient obturés avec des matériaux de qualité inférieure, notamment du bois, de l'argile et des gravats. Ce n'est qu'en 1964 que le ciment est devenu le matériau d'obturation normalisé. Il existe des puits orphelins et anciens qui laissent échapper du gaz naturel et de l'eau sulfureuse (eau souterraine contenant du sulfate et du sulfure d'hydrogène dissous), ce qui constitue un risque pour la sécurité publique. Les puits orphelins et les puits anciens constituent aussi un risque pour les projets énergétiques souterrains, notamment le stockage géologique du dioxyde de carbone, le stockage de l'hydrogène et le stockage de l'énergie par air comprimé, car les puits peuvent permettre aux fluides injectés de remonter à la surface. Cette étude révise les pratiques de construction, de législation et d'abandon des puits en Ontario depuis 1858 et identifie cinq facteurs ayant un impact sur les activités d'obturation et d'abandon des puits orphelins et des anciens puits.
D'autres travaux sont nécessaires pour localiser les puits non déclarés ou perdus et pour mettre au point de nouvelles techniques d'obturation permanente des puits afin de limiter les fuites de gaz, de réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre et d'améliorer la sécurité du public et de l'environnement.
Appendices
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