Abstracts
Résumé
Cet article vérifie trois hypothèses d’ordre épistémologique. La première veut que les sciences humaines, quand elles se penchent sur une question, le font presque par nécessité dans un cadre interdisciplinaire. La seconde propose que l’ensemble des écrits des chercheurs des sciences humaines, quand il porte sur une question particulière, peut être ramené, dans ses grandes lignes, à un nombre limité de catégories sémantiques. La troisième hypothèse suggère que l’analytique et l’éthique soient fortement associés. Pour vérifier ces hypothèses, l’analyse porte sur un corpus de milliers de résumés d’articles qui ont été publiés dans des revues avec comité de lecture et qui ont pour objet les organismes internationaux. Les trois hypothèses trouvent confirmation.
Mots-clefs:
- Organismes internationaux,
- complexité,
- pluridisciplinarité,
- interdisciplinarité,
- analyse de données textuelles
Abstract
This article verifies three epistemological hypotheses. The first proposes that human sciences, when studying a specific research topic, almost by necessity, take on an interdisciplinary approach. The second believes that, when scrutinizing a particular subject, human science papers tend to gravitate among a limited number of semantic categories. The third hypothesis suggests that both analytical and ethical standpoints are strongly associated. To verify these hypotheses, this paper analyses thousands of article abstracts published in pear reviewed journals pertaining to international organizations. All three hypotheses are confirmed.
Key words:
- Intergovernmental organizations,
- complexity,
- pluridisciplinary,
- interdisciplinary,
- qualitative data analysis
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Appendices
Notes
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[1]
Par exemple : Aristote, Thomas d’Aquin, Ibn Khaldun, Diderot, Kant, Hegel, Marx, Morin.
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[2]
Par exemple : Yves Barel (Le paradoxe et le système, Grenoble, Presses universitaires de Grenoble, 1989), Ludwig von Bertalanffy (General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications, New York, George Braziller, [1968] 1976), Niklas Luhmann (Social Systems, Stanford (CA), Stanford University Press, [1984] 1995), Talcott Parsons (The Social System, Glencoe (Ill.), Free Press, 1951).
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[3]
Par exemple : Pierre Bourdieu (La reproduction. Élément pour une théorie du système d’enseignement, Paris, Minuit, 1970), Claude Lévi-Strauss (Les structures élémentaires de la parenté, Paris, Mouton, Maison des sciences de l’homme, coll. « de Rééditions », [1967] 1973), Antony Giddens (The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration, Berkely (CA), University of California Press, 1984).
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[4]
Par exemple : José Ortega y Gasset (« La barbarie du “spécialisme” », dans La révolte des masses, Paris, Gallimard, coll. « Idées », [1930] 1961), Basarab Nicolescu (La transdisciplinarité. Manifeste, Éditions du Rocher, coll. « Transdisciplinarité », 1996).
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[5]
Karl Marx, Le Capital. Critique de l’économie politique [1867], dans Oeuvres, Économie I, Paris, Gallimard, coll. « La pléiade », 1965.
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[6]
Claude Lévi-Strauss, Les structures élémentaires de la parenté, op. cit.
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[7]
Edgar Morin, La méthode - 2. La Vie de la Vie, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1980, p. 94.
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[8]
Philippe Moreau Defarges, La mondialisation, Paris, PUF, coll. « Que sais-je? », [1997] 2005, p. 28.
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[9]
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) en anglais.
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[10]
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) en anglais.
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[11]
Organization of American States (OAS) en anglais.
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[12]
African Union (AU) en anglais. Anciennement l’Organisation de l’Unité africaine (OUA) et Organization of African Unity (OAU) en anglais.
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[13]
European Union (EU) en anglais.
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[14]
Free Trade Area of Americas (FTAA) en anglais.
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[15]
Product+ (χ2 = 139), export+ (χ2 = 126), rate+ (χ2 = 124), increase+ (χ2 = 110), price+ (χ2 = 93), industr+ (χ2 = 82), wage+ (χ2 = 79), income+ (χ2 = 77), cost (χ2 = 74), growth (χ2 = 68), exchange+ (χ2 = 66), manufactur+ (χ2 = 66), market+ (χ2 = 46), tariff+ (χ2 = 35).
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[16]
Mouvement+ (χ2 = 236), social+ (χ2 = 201), global+ (χ2 = 173), transnational+ (χ2 = 159), neolibéral+ (χ2 = 114), organ+ (χ2 = 110), labor+ (χ2 = 89), network+ (χ2 = 78), societ (χ2 = 76), civil (χ2 = 76).
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[17]
Class+ (χ2 = 59), gender+ (χ2 = 54), women (χ2 = 48), right (χ2 = 48), feminist+ (χ2 = 45), justice (χ2 = 45).
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[18]
International+ (χ2 = 98), environmental+ (χ2 = 93), govern+ (χ2 = 76), legisl (χ2 = 65), institutional (χ2 = 64), legal+ (χ2 = 55), fedéral+ (χ2 = 52), clause+ (χ2 = 51), intergovernmental (χ2 = 51), regime+ (χ2 = 47), constitutional (χ2 = 47).
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[19]
Free+ (χ2 = 359), trade+ (χ2 = 333) et agreement+ (χ2 = 289).
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[20]
North (χ2 = 176), regional+ (χ2 = 145), america+ (χ2 = 84), asia (χ2 = 122), multilateral+ (χ2 = 105), japan+ (χ2 = 103), east (χ2 = 59), countries (χ2 = 58), caribbean (χ2 = 57), latin (χ2 = 53), south-east (χ2 = 35).
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[21]
Benjamin H. Liebman et Kasaundra M. Tomlin, « Steel Safeguards and the Welfare of U.S. Steel Firms and Downstream Consumers of Steel: A Shareholder Wealth Perspective », Canadian Journal of Economics, vol. 40, no 3, août 2007, p. 812-842.
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[22]
Steven C. McKay, « The Squeaky Wheel’s Dilemma: New Forms of Labor Organizing in the Philippines », Labor Studies Journal, vol. 30, no 4, hiver 2006, p. 41-63.
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[23]
David J. LePoire, « Logistic Analysis of Recent Environmental Interest », Technological Forecasting and Social Change, vol. 73, no 2, février 2006, p. 153-167.
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[24]
Eduasdo A. Haddad et Geoffrey J. D. Hewings, « Market Imperfections in a Spatial Economy: Some Experimental Results », Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, vol. 45, nos 2-3, mai 2005, p. 476-496.
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[25]
Product+ (χ2 = 455), trade+ (χ2 = 351), agricultural (χ2 = 343), industr+ (χ2 = 241), cost (χ2 = 223), market (χ2 = 189), export+ (χ2 = 189), invest+ (χ2 = 180), sector+ (χ2 = 177), price+ (χ2 = 168), tariff+ (χ2 = 155), competition+ (χ2 = 147).
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[26]
Inform+ (χ2 = 158), research+ (χ2 = 147), network+ (χ2 = 117), scientific (χ2 = 110), méthode (χ2 = 92), technolog+ (χ2 = 91), knowledge (χ2 = 86).
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[27]
Discourse+ (χ2 = 348), cultural+ (χ2 = 307), identity (χ2 = 256), polit+ (χ2 = 236), culture+ (χ2 = 190).
-
[28]
Woman+ (χ2 = 339), famil+ (χ2 = 327), employ+ (χ2 = 316), unemploy+ (χ2 = 301), work (χ2 = 256).
-
[29]
Securit+ (χ2 = 546), foreign+ (χ2 = 280), war+ (χ2 = 258), NATO (χ2 = 256), defense+ (χ2 = 255), militar+ (χ2 = 219).
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[30]
Monetar+ (χ2 = 698), fiscal+ (χ2 = 513), inflation+ (χ2 = 436), euro+ (χ2 = 297), rate+ (χ2 = 284), budget+ (χ2 = 232), bank (χ2 = 205).
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[31]
Election+ (χ2 = 253), parliament+ (χ2 = 194), elite (χ2 = 153), democrat+ (χ2 = 121), electoral (χ2 = 106), referemdum (χ2 = 90).
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[32]
Will Bartlett et Nevenka Cuckovic, « Knowledge Transfer, Institutions, and Innovation in Croatia and Slovenia », Drustvena Istrazivanja, vol. 15, no 3, mai-juin 2006, p. 371-399.
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[33]
Lucia Quaglia, « The politics of financial services regulation and supervision reform in the European Union », European Journal of Political Research, vol. 46, no 2, mars 2007, p. 269-290.
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[34]
Aleksandra Galasinska et Dariusz Galasinski, « Shopping for a New Identity: Constructions of the Polish-German Border in a Polish Border Community », Ethnicities, vol. 5, no 4, décembre 2005, p. 510-529.
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[35]
Patrik Marier, « Affirming, Transforming, or Neglecting Gender? Conceptualizing Gender in the Pension Reform Process », Social Politics, vol. 14, no 2, été 2007, p. 182-211.
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[36]
Susan Willett, « New Barbarians at the Gate: Losing the Liberal Peace in Africa », Review of African Political Economy, vol. 32, no 106, décembre 2005, p. 569-594.
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[37]
Christoph Hermann, « Neoliberalism in the European Union », Studies in Political Economy, no 79, printemps 2007, p. 61-89
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[38]
Bryan Fanning et Fidele Mutwarasibo, « Nationals/non-nationals: Immigration, citizenship and politics in the Republic of Ireland », Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol. 30, no 3, mai 2007, p. 439-460.
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[39]
US (χ2 = 11), Canada+ (χ2 = 10), state+ (χ2 = 7), Caribbean (χ2 = 6).
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[40]
Negoti+ (χ2 = 21), polit+ (χ2 = 18), government+ (χ2 = 6).
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[41]
Develop+ (χ2 = 10), progress (χ2 = 7).
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[42]
Agreement+ (χ2 = 8), cooperat+ (χ2 = 8), power (χ2 = 8), arrangement+ (χ2 = 8).
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[43]
Result+ (χ2 = 59), model+ (χ2 = 55), estimate+ (χ2 = 54), effect+ (χ2 = 38), equilibrium (χ2 = 38).
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[44]
Gain+ (χ2 = 44), increase+ (χ2 = 40), export+ (χ2 = 38), product+ (χ2 = 35), tariff (χ2 = 31), sector+ (χ2 = 31).
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[45]
Welfare (χ2 = 45), employ+ (χ2 = 25), service+ (χ2 = 23).
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[46]
Transnational+ (χ2 = 127), movement+ (χ2 = 126), civil (χ2 = 82), démocrac+ (χ2 = 71), action+ (χ2 = 63), activism (χ2 = 44), network (χ2 = 42), collective+ (χ2 = 35), class (χ2 = 35), resistance (χ2 = 32), gender+ (χ2 = 27), protest+ (χ2 = 27).
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[47]
Shelton Nicholls, Anthomny Birchwood, Philip Colthrust et Earl Boodoo, « The State of and Prospects for the Deepening and Widening of Caribbean Intregration », World Economy, vol. 23, no 9, septembre 2000, p. 1161-1194.
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[48]
Ferreira Filho, Bento de Souza, Joaquim Mark et Jonathan Horridge, « Economic Integration, Poverty and Regional Inequality in Brazil », Revista Brasileira de Economia, vol. 60, no 4, octobre-décembre 2006, p. 363-387.
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[49]
Jean Grugel, « Regionalist Governance and Transnational Collective Action in Latin America », Economy and Society, vol. 35, no 2, mai 2006, p. 209-231.
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[50]
Trade (χ2 = 78), govern+ (χ2 = 56), agreement+ (χ2 = 49), negotiation+ (χ2 = 44), society+ (χ2 = 43), free (χ2 = 43), civil+ (χ2 = 35), represent+ (χ2 = 32).
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[51]
Démocrac+ (χ2 = 61) et démocrat+ (χ2 = 48).
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[52]
American+ (χ2 = 42), US (χ2 = 18), states+ (χ2 = 17), region+ (χ2 = 15), Peru (χ2 = 9).
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[53]
Defense (χ2 = 15).
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[54]
Organisation (χ2 = 13), solidarité (χ2 = 12), élection (χ2 = 10).
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[55]
Stud+ (χ2 = 35), valid+ (χ2 = 28), report+ (χ2 = 27), survey+ (χ2 = 24), findings (χ2 = 23), sample (χ2 = 19), data (χ2 = 16).
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[56]
Drug+ (χ2 = 80), abuse+ (χ2 = 42), alcohol (χ2 = 36), offender+ (χ2 = 24), substance (χ2 = 24), ecstasy (χ2 = 16).
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[57]
Latino+ (χ2 = 28), black+ (χ2 = 24), reli+ (χ2 = 20), white (χ2 = 20), racial+ (χ2 = 15).
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[58]
Right+ (χ2 = 75), human (χ2 = 68), traffick+ (χ2 = 38), indigenous (χ2 = 29), women+ (χ2 = 29), child (χ2 = 28), countr+ (χ2 = 24), labour (χ2 = 23), migration+ (χ2 = 23), cultural (χ2 = 20).
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[59]
Mildred Warner et Jennifer Gerbasi, « Rescaling and Reforming the State under NAFTA: Implications for Subnational Authority », dans International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, vol. 28, no 4, décembre 2004, p. 858-873.
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[60]
Craig Arceneaux et David Pion-Berlin, « Issues, Threats, and Institutions: Explaining OAS Responses to Democratic Dilemmas in Latin America », Latin American Politics and Society, vol. 49, no 2, été 2007, p. 1-31.
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[61]
Katherine Beckett, Kris Nyrop, Lori Pfingst et Melissa Bowen, « Drug Use, Drug Possession Arrests, and the Question of Race: Lessons from Seattle », Social Problems, vol. 52, no 3, août 2005, p. 419-441.
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[62]
Linda Lopez, « Advancing Human Rights Policy: Does Grassroots Mobilization and Community Dispute Resolution Matter? Insights from Chiapas, Mexico », The Review of Policy Research, vol. 22, no 1, janvier 2005, p. 77-92.
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[63]
Migrant (χ2 = 60), transnational (χ2 = 53), context+ (χ2 = 51), labor+ (χ2 = 47), right+ (χ2 = 45), protest+ (χ2 = 43), human (χ2 = 37), movement+ (χ2 = 36), women+ (χ2 = 36), gender+ (χ2 = 35).
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[64]
Asia+ (χ2 = 229), pacific+ (χ2 = 141), east (χ2 = 96), regional+ (χ2 = 95), Europe+ (χ2 = 61), asian+ (χ2 = 48), région (χ2 = 37).
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[65]
Cooperat+ (χ2 = 81), establish+ (χ2 = 35), forum+ (χ2 = 30), integrat+ (χ2 = 27), project+ (χ2 = 25), institut+ (χ2 = 24), souvereign (χ2 = 23).
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[66]
Republic (χ2 = 59), relation+ (χ2 = 55), mutual+ (χ2 = 40).
-
[67]
China+ (χ2 = 96), Austral+ (χ2 = 67), US (χ2 = 38), India (χ2 = 33), Japan+ (χ2 = 24).
-
[68]
Trade (χ2 = 86), product+ (χ2 = 61), growth (χ2 = 46), liberal+ (χ2 = 44), export+ (χ2 = 44), sector (χ2 = 43), increase+ (χ2 = 42), service+ (χ2 = 39), gain+ (χ2 = 38), flow+ (χ2 = 35), industr+ (χ2 = 35), invest+ (χ2 = 34).
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[69]
Christine B. N. Chin, « Visible Bodies, Invisible Work: State Practices toward Migrant Women Domestic Workers in Malaysia », Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, vol. 12, nos 1-2, 2003, p. 49-73.
-
[70]
Baogang He, « East Asian Ideas of Regionalism: A Normative Critique », Australian Journal of International Affairs, vol. 58, no 1, mai 2004, p. 105-125.
-
[71]
Michael Wesley, « Perspectives on Australian Foreign Policy, 2001 », Australian Journal of International Affairs, vol. 56, no 1, avril 2002, p. 47-63.
-
[72]
John S. Wilson, Catherine L. Mann et Tsunehiro Otsuki, « Trade Facilitation and Economic Development: A New Approach to Quantifying the Impact », World Bank Economic Review, vol. 17, no 3, 2003, p. 367-389.
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[73]
Research+ (χ2 = 334), data (χ2 = 324), interview+ (χ2 = 214), sample+ (χ2 = 176), findings (χ2 = 163), study+ (χ2 = 153), factors (χ2 = 90), vari+ (χ2 = 88), report+ (χ2 = 88).
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[74]
Women+ (χ2 = 295), health+ (χ2 = 284), educat+ (χ2 = 123), teachers+ (χ2 = 123), men+ (χ2 = 98), violence+ (χ2 = 79), abuse+ (χ2 = 77), students+ (χ2 = 77), child (χ2 = 69), risk+ (χ2 = 66).
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[75]
Service+ (χ2 = 380), cost (χ2 = 304), market+ (χ2 = 237), private+ (χ2 = 207), fund+ (χ2 = 200), insur+ (χ2 = 181), price+ (χ2 = 179), tax (χ2 = 167), benefit+ (χ2 = 158).
-
[76]
Securit+ (χ2 = 228), war (χ2 = 222), foreign+ (χ2 = 201), terror+ (χ2 = 170), independent (χ2 = 163), nuclear (χ2 = 78), militar+ (χ2 = 76).
-
[77]
Asia+ (χ2 = 183), British+ (χ2 = 149), Europe+ (χ2 = 148), Russia (χ2 = 147), Austral+ (χ2 = 147), pacific+ (χ2 = 107).
-
[78]
Law (χ2 = 554), right+ (χ2 = 521), legal+ (χ2 = 249), citizen+ (χ2 = 159), sovereign+ (χ2 = 149), people+ (χ2 = 134), racial+ (χ2 = 114), indigenous+ (χ2 = 112), toler+ (χ2 = 106), exclusion+ (χ2 = 98), racism+ (χ2 = 83), freedom+ (χ2 = 69).
-
[79]
Elect+ (χ2 = 1096), president+ (χ2 = 330), vote+ (χ2 = 292), parliament+ (χ2 = 185), campaign+ (χ2 = 165), voter+ (χ2 = 149), minister+ (χ2 = 141), candidates+ (χ2 = 98).
-
[80]
Nineteen (χ2 = 637), nineties+ (χ2 = 439), centur+ (χ2 = 245), twentieth (χ2 = 165), nineteenth (χ2 = 160), begin (χ2 = 49).
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[81]
Settlement+ (χ2 = 61), decolonizati (χ2 = 23), federation+ (χ2 = 20).
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[82]
Polit+ (χ2 = 167), article+ (χ2 = 157), contemporar+ (χ2 = 150), theor+ (χ2 = 132), concept+ (χ2 = 125), femin+ (χ2 = 123), societ+ (χ2 = 111), think (χ2 = 106), discourse+ (χ2 = 93), dimension+ (χ2 = 84), mainstream+ (χ2 = 84), critique+ (χ2 = 71), approaches (χ2 = 71).
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[83]
Cathy J. Bradley, David Neumark, Zhehui Luo et Heather L. Bednarek, « Employment-Contingent Health Insurance, Illness, and Labor Supply of Women: Evidence from Married Women with Breast Cancer », Health Economics, vol. 16, no 7, juillet 2007, p. 719-737.
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[84]
Linda J. Blumberg et al., « Toward Universal Coverage in Massachusetts », Inquiry, vol. 43, no 2, été 2006, p. 102-121.
-
[85]
Malcolm Fraser, « Liberals and Australian Foreign Policy », Australian Journal of Politics and History, vol. 51, no 3, septembre 2005, p. 332-345.
-
[86]
Paul Gready, « Reconceptualising Transitional Justice: Embedded and Distanced Justice », Conflict, Security & Development, vol. 5, no 1, avril 2005, p. 3-21.
-
[87]
Michael Morrissey, « The Australian state and Indigenous people 1990-2006 », Journal of Sociology, vol. 42, no 4, décembre 2006, p. 347-354.
-
[88]
Alison Bashford, « Global Biopolitics and the History of World Health », History of the Human Sciences, vol. 19, no 1, février 2006, p. 67-88.
-
[89]
Abdiweli M. Ali et Hodan Said Isse, « Political Freedom and the Stability of Economic Policy », Cato Journal, vol. 24, no 3, automne 2004, p. 251-260.
-
[90]
Alison Mackinnon, « Girls, Society and School: A Generation of Change », Australian Feminist Studies, vol. 21, no 50, juillet 2006, p. 275-288.
-
[91]
Jim Taylor, « Spatial Inequalities in Economic Performance: The Key Role of Human Capital », Scienze Regionali / Italian Journal of Regional Science, no 2, 2003, p. 5-27.
-
[92]
Robert Went, « Globalization: Can Europe Make a Difference? », Review of International Political Economy, vol. 11, no 5, décembre 2004, p. 980-994.