Abstracts
Résumé
Cet article fait le point sur une dimension négligée de la croissance économique au Vietnam, la grave crise qui menace sa biodiversité, qui préoccupe de plus en plus le gouvernement et les acteurs du domaine. Nous examinons ici le commerce illégal des espèces sauvages, qui s’est fortement intensifié après les réformes de đổi mới des années 1980s. Malgré les mesures prises, l’État ne parvient pas à contrôler ce commerce qui a pris une dimension internationale. Il est temps de poser un regard plus approfondi sur les difficultés de la régulation dans ce domaine. Nous analysons un facteur négligé par les mécanismes de régulation mis en place, qui est l’État lui-même. En contraste avec la libéralisation économique, le commerce des espèces sauvages repose sur toujours sur une logique centralisée, inadaptée aux pratiques du terrain, où le commerce est décentralisé, informel et inclut une diversité d’acteurs. Ce commerce met à jour des tensions au sein de l’appareil d’État, entre le centre et les provinces, entre la volonté de contrôle du territoire et des pratiques qui échappent à ce contrôle, entre la traditionnelle rationalité centralisatrice et la réalité locale, ainsi qu’entre le pays et ses voisins. Ce cas illustre certains des défis de la gouvernance dans un pays et un État en transformation rapide.
Mots-clés :
- Vietnam,
- Chine,
- CITES,
- commerce des espèces protégées,
- politiques de régulation
Abstract
This article focuses on an often-neglected dimensions of Vietnam’s economic development : the deep crisis that threatens its biodiversity. Despite the priority given to economic growth, the biodiversity crisis is a growing concern both among the government and other key stakeholders. We examine the role played by the illegal wildlife trade, which greatly intensified since the the đổi mới reforms in the 1980s. Despite significant legal and administrative measures, the state appears unable to control the trade that has now taken on an international dimension. It is time to take a more thorough look at the regulatory practices. We address a factor overlooked by public policies themselves – the role of the state apparatus itself. In contrast to wider liberalization trends, the wildlife trade is on the paper governed by a centralized approach based on a command-and-control system. This is challenged by practices on the ground where informal trade is the norm governed through decentralized practices. Wildlife trade reveals a multitude of tensions : within the state apparatus ; between the center and the provinces ; between the country and its neighbors ; between the desire to control territory and the practices that escape such control ; and between the rationality of centralization and local realities. The wildlife trade illustrates challenges for governance, for the state monopoly over power, as well as for its capabilities of central coordination.
Keywords:
- Vietnam,
- China,
- CITES,
- wildlife trade,
- regulation policies
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Appendices
Remerciements
Ce texte a a été rédigé dans le cadre du projet « Enhancing National Capacities to Assess Wildlife Trade Policies in Support of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora » (IUED-IHEID, CITES, CNUCED, PNUE), bénéficiant du soutien financier du Réseau universitaire international genevois (RUIG-SNIS) et de l’Union européenne, www.unep-unctad.org/cbtf/openCITES.htm.
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