Documents found
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2051.More information
At the end of the First World War, Austria-Hungary has stopped existing. France developed two possible politics facing Austria-Hungary : either its disappearance or its keeping up under a new form. As mentioned in the two Quai d'Orsay memorandums, November 1917 and March 1918, France seems to be favourable to Roland revival and Czecho-Slovakia creation. France also relies on a « Great Romania » formation to create an anti-germanic barrier. Other factors mil also influence French politics : mainly the entry of the United States into war and the Czernin declaration consequences. However, the Armand/Revertera discussions analysis gives prominence to another possible politics : the upholding of the Austria-Hungary counterbalance to Germany. France will even try, by diplomatic manoeuvres at the end of war, to save the Danubian Monarchy through the intervention of Berne's new French ambassador, Paul Dutasta.
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2052.More information
AbstractThis article examines Carl Schmitt's critique of universal ethics made in his indictment of the discourse of humanity and addressed as a political concern of world order. It extends this critique further to include the ways in which the discourse of humanity transforms itself in the era of global governmentality. This kind of interrogation requires an almost ‘anti-ethical' awareness that universal ethics fuels political discourses and practices that instantiate a political, indeed a biopolitical, universe. Schmitt's discussion offers, it is argued, two iconographies of enmity, significant for mapping the contemporary world order. Together with Foucault, Schmitt helps articulate a notion of world-political obligation which is both for the other and for the openness of the political as a pluriverse.
Keywords: humanité, hostilité, ennemi, obligation, ordre politique, Carl Schmitt, humanity, enmity, foe, obligation, political order, Carl Schmitt
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2053.More information
AbstractIn contrast with other divisions of the League of Nations, the Minorities Section tended to limit its missions. The Section did not support treaty extensions nor did it consult non-governmental entities ; it did not alert the public about the rise of fascism. In addition, the Section contributed to identifying non-state national demands to “communitarian claims”. In fact, it did not consider conflicts between majorities and minorities as political conflicts between concurrent collective and individual rights. Little studied until now, decisions on non-receivability of petitions, notably those not covered by the treaties, illustrate these hypotheses. Independently of the influence of great powers, the Section supported a political philosophy in favour of majorities' nationalism, compatible with the juridicisation of the field.
Keywords: Société des Nations, minorités, nationalités, pétitions, droits collectifs, League of Nations, minorities, nationalities, petitions, collective rights, Sociedad de Naciones, minorías, nacionalidades, peticiones, derechos colectivos
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2059.More information
This article presents a comparative analysis from Quebec and France of the different modalities of agreement of the process of internationalisation of higher education. It deals specifically with one of the dimensions of this internationalisation, the mobility of foreign students, focusing on student flows which are significant in these two host societies : those from Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. The presentation is based on interviews with thirty institutional actors, and on statistical data and public documents. The article shows that actors in France and Quebec are at the focal point of two major tensions : firstly between the logic of the market and the cultural and linguistic mission of universities ; and secondly between the objective of increasing the numbers of foreign students and the need to manage the risks of immigration. Each of these tensions is shown to give rise to complex legitimation procedures in the attempt to reconcile them and to engage the different actors. The article sheds light on these legitimation processes through looking at the movements of students from the Maghreb to Quebec and France. Two normative categories — the “good immigrant” in Quebec and the “good foreign student” in France — are identified as tending to emerge as dominant as a result of these mental operations.