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  • Rastikerdar, Ali
    2009 — Functional analysis of gene regulation in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells
    Abstract

    La myéline est élaborée dans le système nerveux central (CNS) par les oligodendrocytes et elle est essentielle pour la conduction rapide du potentiel d'action. Pendant l'embryogénèse et les premières étapes du développement postnatal du CNS, les progéniteurs d'oligodendrocytes (OPCs) prolifèrent et émigrent en réponse au Platelet derived growth factor-A (PDGF-A), le ligand pour PDGFRa. Cette étude décrit l'identification des éléments régulateurs et les facteurs de transcription qui contrôlent l'expression de PDGFRa dans les OPCs, ce qui contribuera à faciliter la compréhension de la spécification du lignage des oligodendrocytes, ainsi que de la prolifération, la migration et la maturation finale des …  Read more

  • Rastinfard, Arghavan
    2022 — Aqueous decomposition behaviour of oxygen releasing peroxy- compounds and assessment of their therapeutic potential
    Abstract

    L'altération de la perfusion sanguine et les lésions d'ischémie/reperfusion peuvent contribuer à des changements délétères dans les tissus, le système vasculaire et finalement à la nécrose des tissus. Il a été démontré que l'oxygène a un impact positif sur la cicatrisation des plaies et au fil des ans, de nombreux moyens ont été mis au point pour fournir de l'oxygène aux plaies. Les composés peroxydés solides peuvent générer de l'oxygène moléculaire au lieu de simplement le délivrer et peuvent être utilisés dans les études sur l'apport d'oxygène pour fournir une libération prolongée d'oxygène. Cependant, au contact de l’eau, les composés …  Read more

  • Rastogi, Anil K.
    1970 — The interfacial properties of polymers in the liquid state.
    Abstract

    The Prigogine corresponding states principle for the bulk properties of liquids has been extended to their surface tensions. A single gamma(T) curve is obtained for some forty polyatomic liquids and five high polymers. The prigogine-Saraga cell model theory of surface tension is used together with several models of the liquid state to predict the empirical curves. The surface tensions and entropies of some polyethers, their mixtures and their random and block copolymers were determined by the pendant drop method. In all cases, except the random copolymers, a surface excess of the low surface energy component has been found. The data …  Read more

  • Rastogi, Archi
    2013 — Understanding the social dimensions of tiger conservation in India
    Abstract

    La conservation du tigre présente de nombreux défis qui sont ceux de la conservation de la biodiversité au niveau international. Elle exige la protection d'un prédateur potentiellement dangereux dans des écosystèmes forestiers, qui sont également utilisés par certaines des populations les plus pauvres pour leur survie et leurs moyens de subsistance. Dans de tels contextes, l'établissement de zones protégées exclusives pour la conservation du tigre peut contrarier les parties prenantes locales. Néanmoins leur soutien est crucial pour réussir à gérer ces zones protégées. Cette thèse présente une recherche exploratoire sur les dimensions sociales de la conservation du tigre en Inde, …  Read more

  • Rasyid, Amhar
    1994 — Some Qurʾānic legal texts in the context of Fazlur Rahman's hermeneutical method
    Abstract

    This thesis is an attempt to analyze Fazlur Rahman's hermeneutical method: his theory of the divine revelation of the Qur'an and its application to the case of zakat (alms) and riba (usury) in particular. Rahman's theory is firmly in touch with reality and he proposes a well-argued system of Qur'anic methodology. Theoretically, he seeks to determine the general principles behind the Qur'anic legal texts, since the latter were contextualized by time and place while the former are universal and eternal. Practically, Rahman calls Muslims to an intellectual jihad in the effort to reformulate the Qur'anic legal injunctions on social matters …  Read more

  • Rasyid, Muhammad
    2025 — The effects of microwave irradiation on kimberlite ore fragmentation
    Abstract

    Le chauffage par micro-ondes a été étudié comme méthode de prétraitement des minerais pour réduire leur résistance et améliorer la libération des minéraux précieux. Cette technique utilise les ondes électromagnétiques pour chauffer sélectivement les minéraux, créant des fissures thermiques le long des limites minérales. Elle pourrait optimiser le traitement des kimberlites diamantifères en réduisant l'énergie nécessaire au broyage et en améliorant l'efficacité du traitement. Cependant, son impact sur le broyage du minerai de kimberlite n'a pas été étudié en profondeur. Cette étude examine l'effet du chauffage par micro-ondes sur le minerai de kimberlite en analysant des paramètres tels que la …  Read more

  • Ratchford, Tristan
    2012 — Creating application programming interface code templates from usage patterns
    Abstract

    Les interfaces de programmation (API) encouragent la réutilisation de code en facilitant l'interaction entre les composantes du logiciel et ses librairies. Les "templates" d'API sont des scénarios d'utilisation de l'API paramétrées pour êtres rapidement instanciés par copier-coller ou par le soutien intégré des environnements de développement. Ils fournissent le squelette d'un scénario d'utilisation de l'API et laissent au développeurs la simple tâche de "remplir les espace". Malheureusement, afin de créer des "templates" pertinents, du temps et de l'expérience avec l'API sont nécessaires. Pour résoudre ces problèmes, nous présentons une technique par laquelle les "templates" d'API sont découverts en analysant des …  Read more

  • Ratcliffe, Colin
    2018 — Regulation of cancer cell migration by GGA3 and cytohesin-1
    Abstract

    Les cellules interagissent avec leur environnement afin d'assurer leur fonction, maintenir une bonne communication cellulaire par voie de signalisation et une organisation adéquate des tissues. Ces interactions sont régulées en partie par des molécules présentes au niveau de la membrane cellulaire telles que les récepteurs tyrosine kinases (RTK) et les récepteurs intégrines. Alors que les RTK sont activés par les facteurs de croissance, les intégrines sont sensibles aux molécules de matrice extracellulaire (MEC). Suite à leur activation par interaction avec leurs ligands, ces récepteurs recrutent et activent une complexe moléculaire de signalisation intracellulaire. Alors que ce processus est initié au …  Read more

  • Ratcliffe, Kieran
    2021 — Forwarder robotic crane path planning for timber handling
    Abstract

    Plusieurs industries recherche l’automatisation pour remplacer le travail humain, incluant le domaine de la récolte de bois de l’industrie forestière. Cette thèse présente trois algorithmes de planification de mouvement d’un manipulateur robotisé de mouvement de la machine portant le bois, qui résolvent différents défis de recueil de billots de bois dans un environnement non-structuré avec une emphase sur la planification de la vitesse de calcul.Premièrement, un algorithme de planification de mouvement basé sur les cartes de route probabiliste (PRM) appelé Base-PRM est développé pour rencontrer la complexité et l’efficacité requise pour le trajet d’une grue de porteur en présence d’obstacles. …  Read more

  • Ratcliffe, Laurene.
    1981 — Species recognition in Darwin's ground finches (Geospiza, Gould)
    Abstract

    A three-part study of the vocal and visual cues important for species recognition in six species of Darwin's Finches (Geospiza) in the Galapagos is presented. Part I quantifies structure and species-specificity of advertising song. Part II describes experiments on song function and recognition. Part III examines the role of morphology in mate recognition and reproductive isolation. Geospiza song is variable and lacks species-specificity, due to intrapopulation song polymorphism, dialect divergence, song parallelism and interspecific song overlap. Song functions in conspecific territorial communication. Much intraspecific song variation apparently has little functional significance, although vocal confusion between syntopic G. fuliginosa and G. …  Read more

  • Rate, Erica
    2013 — Looking inside project double challenge: a case study
    Abstract

    RésuméCette thèse est composée de deux parties, une revue de la littérature et un manuscrit. Lors de la revue des thèmes de la littérature comme l'activité physique pour les personnes ayant un handicap, des programmes d'éducation physique de formation des enseignants, et l'expérience pratique de l'activité physique adaptée ont été abordés en profondeur pour fournir un arrière-plan pour le manuscrit. Le manuscrit a été préparé dans un format article de recherche dans le but d'une éventuelle publication. La recherche a porté sur le programme de stage Projet Double Défi (PDC) à l'Université McGill. Une étude de cas intrinsèque a été …  Read more

  • Ratelle, Ruth M.
    1939 — Défense et illustration des femmes au quinzième siècle :le champion des dames de Martin Le Franc.
    Abstract

    [...] Ce que je présente dans les pages qui suivent n'est pas, à la rigueur une thèse. C'est plutôt une analyse dont le but est de faire réfléter comme dans un miroir les moeurs du quinzième siècle, et surtout la question féminine. Je m'en excuse à l'avance, comme Martin Le Franc lui-même s'excuse d'entreprendre une telle tâche, disant que son "engin" est trop petit. Avec lui, je prie qu'on p'e se mon oeuvre "non pas selon la quantité du don mais en la balance du courage et du coeur."  Read more

  • Rath, Andrew
    2012 — The global dimensions of Britain and France's Crimean war naval campaigns against Russia, 1854-1856
    Abstract

    The Crimean War was fought far outside its namesake peninsula in the Black Sea Region. Between 1854 and 1856, Anglo-French naval forces attacked the Russian Empire in the Baltic, White Sea, and Pacific. These campaigns receive little attention from modern historians, and much of the work that does exist relies on a limited number of English-language sources. This dissertation, on the other hand, is a comprehensive examination of these campaigns built on a foundation of primary documents written in English, French, and Russian. It also synthesizes relevant secondary scholarship in order to provide a comprehensive background for the three major …  Read more

  • Rath-Wilson, Kate
    2015 — Some contributions to the study of corollary discharges for saccadic eye movements in neurological patients
    Abstract

    High acuity vision in humans is only possible at the small, foveal region of the retina. The computational complexities that arise within this system provide a compelling challenge for systems neuroscientists: how does the system plan and generate eye movements? How do we maintain the perception of a stable visual world despite the near-constant movement of the eye, head and body? The prevailing theory that addresses these questions states that the eye movement system generates corollary discharges that encode each motor command (or efference copies), that are sent to sensory and motor planning areas. Sensory areas use this information for …  Read more

  • Rathanaswami, Kiruthika
    2015 — Physical activity in first generation South Asian women living in Canada: barriers and facilitators to participation
    Abstract

    Regular participation in physical activity (PA) reduces the risks of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, colon cancer, breast cancer, osteoporosis, hypertension and stroke. Unfortunately, many Canadians are not meeting the recommended PA guidelines in place. One group of individuals who are reported the least active are South Asians and in particular South Asian women. The South Asian population has been slowly increasing in Canada and today they represent the largest visible minority group. A high population of South Asians and their low levels of PA now brings a concern for the health of this population. When South Asian women immigrate …  Read more

  • Rathee, Vineet
    2024 — The persistence of caste power: the Panchayats of north India
    Abstract

    L'institution du panchayat, soit un conseil ou un tribunal de village ou de caste, a connu une trajectoire inégale en anthropologie de l'Asie du Sud. Autrefois considéré comme révélateur de la caste et de ses diverses formes de pouvoir et d'assujettissement dans les villages indiens, le panchayat est aujourd'hui largement relégué aux marges de l'histoire. Plus précisément, le panchayat serait issu d’un ancien système de castes hindou dont les fondements, selon de nombreux observateurs, auraient presque été anéantis par des processus de modernisation tels que l'expansion de l'État postcolonial et de son système juridique, la diffusion de la démocratie représentative, …  Read more

  • Rathnayaka, Vidana Wedage Shashini
    2023 — Laser micromachining of metal tools to adjust overall adhesion of composites to the tool surface
    Abstract

    L'adhérence de la résine époxy à la surface du métal est importante pour les industries de fabrication de composites car les pièces composites sont généralement fabriquées dans des moules métalliques. Lors de la fabrication des composites, l’adhérence de la résine sur le métal doit être faible pour faciliter le démoulage du composite durci. L’étude porte donc sur la faisabilité de l'utilisation de modifications de la topographie à l'échelle micro/nano introduites par micro- avec un laser femtoseconde (fs) pour empêcher l'adhésion de la résine époxy sur des substrats en alliage d'aluminium. Cette étude part de deux hypothèse, d’une part, les bulles …  Read more

  • Rathore, Khizr Iqbal
    2010 — Iron homeostasis in the injured spinal cord
    Abstract

    Iron is essential for life, but its redox activity can render it toxic under certain conditions. Mammalian cells and the organism as a whole have evolved several mechanisms to acquire and utilize iron. The dysregulation of these iron homeostatic mechanisms can cause a number of human diseases and is likely to be a contributing factor in many disorders of the nervous system. Traumatic injuries to the central nervous system (CNS) that result in hemorrhage and cellular disruption can also be associated with impaired iron homeostasis. However, little work has been done to understand the molecular control of iron homeostasis after …  Read more

  • Rathwell, Scott
    2013 — Head coaches' perceptions on the the selection and development of the assistant coach
    Abstract

    Les entraineurs de niveau élite passent un temps important à créer une vision, établir un plan saisonnier, concevoir des programmes d'entrainement, et travailler avec leurs entraineurs adjoints (Côté & Salmela, 1996; Vallée & Bloom, 2005). La capacité des entraineurs de sport d'équipe à travailler avec leur entraineurs adjoints est considérée comme un élément essentiel à leur succès (Bloom, 1997). Le rôle des entraineurs adjoints inclut le soutien à l'entraineur chef dans l'organisation, la planification des entrainements, et les instructions lors des compétitions (Reynaud, 2005). La littérature a démontré que les entraineurs en chef influencent le comportement et l'approche de leurs …  Read more

  • Ratitch, Bohdana
    2005 — On characteristics of Markov decision processes and reinforcement learning in large domains
    Abstract

    Reinforcement learning is a general computational framework for learning sequential decision strategies from the interaction of an agent with a dynamic environment. In this thesis, we focus on value-based learning methods, which rely on computing utility values for different behavior strategies. Value-based reinforcement learning methods have a solid theoretical foundation and a growing history of successful applications to real-world problems. However, most existing theoretically-sound algorithms work for small problems only. For complex real-world decision tasks, approximate methods have to be used; in this case there is a significant gap between the existing theoretical results and the methodologies applied in practice. …  Read more

  • Ratitch, Bohdana.
    1998 — Continuous function identification with fuzzy cellular automata
    Abstract

    Thus far, cellular automata have been used primarily to model the systems consisting of a number of elements which interact with one another only locally; in addition these interactions can be naturally modeled with a discrete type of computation. In this thesis, we will investigate the possibility of a cellular automata application to a problem involving continuous computations, in particular, a problem of continuous function identification from a set of examples. A fuzzy model of cellular automata is introduced and used throughout the study. Two main issues in the context of this application are addressed: representation of real values on …  Read more

  • Ratner, Bram David
    1992 — An essay on the ethics of creation : Golem : Western Wall : Franz Kafka
    Abstract

    This thesis explores the critical question of the ethics of creation as it emerges to the forefront of contemporary thought in the late twentieth century. The question is examined through three independent yet interrelated motifs: the legend of the Golem, the symbol of the Western Wall in Jerusalem, and the literature of Franz Kafka. An understanding of these three motifs, in all their implications, can provide valuable commentary and insightful reflections so that a discourse on a possible moral and ethical ground for affirmative creation can be engaged. It is imperative, in light of the destructive potentiality of our creative …  Read more

  • Ratol, Inderjot Kaur
    2018 — Detecting fragile comments
    Abstract

    The development lifecycle of a software system demands incessant improvements in the sourcecode of a system to maintain its high quality with improved performance and code readability.Refactoring is a common software development practice that reshapes the internal structure andnon-functional properties of a system without modifying its core functionality. Many simple refactoringslike renaming code elements, extracting a snippet from large method to form new methodetc. can be performed with the help of automatic tools. Renaming code elements like classes,interfaces or methods is a widely used refactoring activity. With tool support, rename refactoringscan rely on the program structure to ensure correctness of …  Read more

  • Rattai, Crystal
    2015 — Urban mixed-blood aboriginal people: the complexities of understanding identity
    Abstract

    Stonebanks, Christopher (Internal/Cosupervisor2)  Read more

  • Rattan, Navneet
    2012 — Heating behavior and quality changes in canned potatoes subjected to agitation processing
    Abstract

    Le traitement thermique utilise la chaleur, pour détruire les microorganismes pathogéniques représentants un risque pour la santé ainsi que pour réduire l'activité enzymatique des microorganismes causant le pourrissement prématuré des aliments. Le traitement thermique des aliments peut entrainer une dégradation de la couleur, de la texture ainsi que d'autres traits de qualités des aliments. Dans cette étude, les changements en qualité des pommes de terres sujet a différent traitements thermiques agités ont été évalués dans le but de trouver les conditions permettant la meilleur conservation possible de la couleur et de la texture des pommes de terres en conserves. Le …  Read more

  • Rattansi, Diamond
    1987 — Islamization and the Khojah Ismāʻīlī community in Pakistan
    Abstract

    The Muslims of Pakistan and other countries such as Egypt are groping for ways to change their situation. The phenomenon of Islamic Resurgence in Pakistan is one major expression of this frantic desire of the Muslims to improve their lot through the acquisition of the control of the nation's political machinery. This political concern is something new and volatile. It has affected the life of Pakistan as a whole and that of the various Muslim groups within it. The Khojah Isma$ sp{ rm c}$ili response to the process of Islamization in Pakistan is reflected in their re-thinking of many aspects …  Read more

  • Ratté, Stéphanie.
    1999 — Morphology and synapse distribution of olfactory interneurons in the procerebrum of the terrestrial snail Helix aspersa
    Abstract

    The procerebrum of terrestrial molluscs is an important processing centre for olfaction. While the physiology of the procerebrum is relatively well characterized, the procerebrum's structure and organization has not been previously investigated in detail. The goal of this thesis is to better characterize the structural organization of the procerebrum and to understand how it compares with other olfactory systems. The morphology of the procerebral neurons in the snail Helix aspersa was investigated through intracellular injections of biocytin. The population of cells is heterogeneous, but no formal categorization of neuronal types was possible. The main difference among cells lies in the …  Read more

  • Rattle, Jean.
    2006 — Dissolved nitrogen dynamics in an ombrotrophic bog
    Abstract

    Research for a dissolved nitrogen budget was conducted at Mer Bleue bog near Ottawa, ON, from May 20, 2003 to May 21, 2004. Mer Bleue is located within an area experiencing the highest levels of atmospheric nitrogen deposition in North America, although these levels are only low to moderate compared to those in Europe. Continuous measurements of precipitation, evapotranspiration, bog water table level and outflow water depth were used in conjunction with discrete measurements of precipitation and outflow to determine the hydrologic budget. Water samples were taken from precipitation collectors, piezometers at various depths and locations throughout the bog, and …  Read more

  • Rattray, Basil A.
    1949 — Almost Periodic Functions of Several Variables
    Abstract

    Tornhave, H. (Supervisor)  Read more

  • Rattray, Suzanne
    1986 — Reversed Cyclic Load Tests of Reinforced Concrete Frame Subassemblages
    Abstract

    Les résultats obtenus lors d'essais sous charges cycliques renversées sur des assemblages poutre-poteau extérieurs grandeur nature connus et détailles selon les normes du Code canadien du beton 1984 sont présentés. Les spécimens étudiés consistaient en une dalle avec poutre de contour, et ont été conçus pour deux niveaux: de ductilité, soient K = 1.3 et K = 0.7.Les rôles de la dalle et de la poutre de contour ont été examines. Il est démontré comment la poutre de contour limite la largeur efficace de la dalle et comment elle influence le cisaillement dans la zone du joint entre la poutre …  Read more

  • Rattray, V. Robin (Vaughn Robin)
    1995 — Sample preconcentration and analysis by direct sample insertion inductively coupled plasma spectrometry
    Abstract

    Several approaches to sample preconcentration combined with sample introduction by Direct Sample Insertion (DSI) into the Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) for ultra trace elemental analysis have been developed. A microcolumn based flow injection (FI) manifold was used with ICP Mass Spectrometry (MS) but performance was adversely affected by high and variable blank levels. Physical preconcentration by depositing the sample as an aerosol into an inductively heated graphite DSI probe yielded detection limit improvements of over two orders of magnitude for ICP Atomic Emission Spectrometry (AES). Instrumentation was developed to automate the aerosol deposition preconcentration process, and this apparatus was used …  Read more

  • Ratzer, Gerald F. G.
    1966 — Statistical analysis of computer systems.
    Abstract

    This study describes several methods used to analyse a changing computer system. The effects of these changes on the operating system and the overall Computing Centre are demonstrated. The results of this analysis have led to some short term improvements and also some projections of future computing power required to cope with an expanding demand in a University environment.  Read more

  • Rau, Ethel B.
    1969 — The effects of varying the composition of aldehyde fixatives for perfusion of young rats
    Abstract

    This work attempted to determine the optimum composition of a perfusate for fixation of young rat tissues using either glutaraldehyde or formaldehyde with post-osmication. One micron thick Epon sections of thyroid, liver and kidney were analyzed in the light microscope with occasional reference to the electron microscope for clarification. Criteria included staining, cell separation, distension of cell organelles and vacuoles. The optimum composition of the fixative varied with the brand used. Differing tissue requirements restricted the effective composition to relatively narrow limits. Thyroid, liver, and also parathyroid and duodenum seemed to have similar requirements, while kidney needed more concentrated solutions. …  Read more

  • Rauch, Sol.
    1966 — A study of the error function limiting of Gaussian random processes.
    Abstract

    The problem of limiting a random process is considered. The output autocorrelation function of a smooth limiter is determined as a function of the limiter parameters. A stationary gaussian random process of zero mean and arbitrary autocorrelation function is assumed for the input. The transfer characteristic of the limiter is defined by a translated error function. This definition permits the study of smooth limiting with various degrees of limiting and bias. Solutions that are amenable to numerical computation are obtained for the full wave (odd) and half wave biased error function limiter. [...]  Read more

  • Raud, H. R.
    1965 — Sulfurylation of steroidal estrogens by a rat liver preparation.
    Abstract

    The problem of sulfate and glucuronide conjugation of naturally occurring compounds, specifically steroids, has intrigued investigators for many years. The early workers regarded conjugation as only a form of detoxification. It was not until much later that a wider significance was applied to this phenomenon, as that of an important process in the activity or metabolism of these compounds. [...]  Read more

  • Raud, H. R.
    1967 — Metabolism of natural estrogens by avian liver tissue preparations in vitro.
    Abstract

    The in vitro intermediary metabolism of estrogens was investigated by incubating labelled substrates both simultaneously and separately for varying times with hen liver homogenates obtained from birds in the laying stage. Estrogen sulfate synthesis was studied by incubating the appropriate steroids with microsome-free, 105,000 g supernatants prepared from the same tissue and source. Hen liver was found to be active in the sulfurylation of free estrogens and the subsequent metabolism of these ester sulfates in intact form. The transformation of free estrone and estradiol-17-beta was demonstrated to be readily reversible, but in a pattern which was the reverse of that …  Read more

  • Raudsepp, John J.
    1967 — Lithology and altitude in the Gaspé peninsula, Quebec
    Abstract

    The correlation between thee altitude of an erosional topography and the underlying bedrock is much assumed and has been little tested. Geomorphologists generally agree that bedrock geology has an influence on topography; however, a survey of the literature reveals that the interconnection is thought of as "complex”, and that comments on the relationship are usually couched in vague terms of relative erodibility. If we define a topography as an infinite population of altitudes, then it is possible to obtain samples for lithologically uniform areas and to study the relationship. Primarily then, this thesis is an attempt to describe a topography …  Read more

  • Raudsepp, Karl J. (Karl Johannes)
    1980 — André Jolivet, the evolution of a style
  • Raudsepp-Hearne, Ciara
    2003 — Potential for using insects to guide the search for medicinally-active chemical compounds in plants
    Abstract

    This thesis investigates the possibility of using aposematic insects as guides to plants that contain pharmacologically-active compounds. Plants were monitored within national parks in the Republic of Panama over a period of six months and all insects feeding on them were collected and raised in captivity. The insects were then extracted and analyzed to determine how they were treating toxic chemical compounds in their host plant. Two principal plants were investigated with their associated insects: (1) Vismia baccifera and (2) Mikania guaco. One generalist and one specialist Lepidopteran species were found to sequester vismione B from their host plant Vismia …  Read more

  • Raudsepp-Hearne, Ciara Anne
    2010 — Managing ecosystem services: tools and theory for understanding the dynamics of multiple ecosystem services on a landscape
    Abstract

    A key challenge for achieving sustainability is understanding how to manage landscapes for multiple ecosystem services, the benefits that humans obtain from ecosystems. Because the enhancement of provisioning ecosystem services, such as food and timber, often leads to declines in regulating and cultural ecosystem services, such as nutrient cycling and tourism, ecological management has often been less successful than it could be. As the demand for all types of ecosystem services increases globally, management that considers and manages ecosystem service interactions is needed to produce better outcomes for societies. This thesis develops new tools and approaches for understanding and managing …  Read more