Résumés
Abstract
The Prairie Ecozone is the only major region of Canada where drought is a landscape hazard; aridity is linked to soil erosion. Management of prairie ecosystems and soil landscapes therefore requires an understanding of past and future trends and variability in regional aridity. We used instrumental and paleoclimatic records to define a regional baseline for prairie aridity, to evaluate the utility of modern climate normals (i.e. 1961-1990) as a benchmark for future climatic change, and to provide a historical context for a range of General Circulation Model (GCM) forecasts of regional aridity. A warm-dry scenario derived from the Canadian GCM projects a significant increase in the area of subhumid and semiarid climate. Tree rings and diatom-inferred lake salinity record prolonged arid events and show that the climate normal period of 1961-1990 may have been the most benign climate of the past 750 years. The climate of the 20th century was anomalous in terms of the absence of sustained drought. Because both lake and tree-ring analyses recorded an abrupt amelioration of climatic conditions near the start of the instrumental record, we suggest that the immediate impacts of future global warming may be to return the prairies to past conditions in which persistent aridity was recorded for intervals of decades or longer.
Résumé
L’écozone des Prairies est la seule grande région du Canada où la sécheresse constitue un risque environnemental ; l’aridité est liée à l’érosion du sol. Une compréhension des tendances et des variations de l’aridité passées et à venir des écosystèmes et des sols des Prairies est donc nécessaire pour en rendre possible l’aménagement. Les données paléoclimatiques et climatiques récentes consignées ont servi à définir un niveau d’aridité de base pour la région des Prairies, à évaluer l’utilité des normales climatiques modernes (de 1961 à 1990) comme points de référence pour les changements climatiques à venir et à fournir une base historique à divers scénarios de prévision de l’aridité à l’échelle régionale à partir de modèles de circulation générale. Le scénario du changement vers un climat chaud et sec découlant du modèle canadien prévoit une expansion importante des zones subhumide et semi-aride. Les relevés dendrochronologiques et les données de salinité lacustre obtenues à partir des diatomées signalent l’existence de périodes de sécheresse prolongées et montrent que les normales climatiques enregistrées de 1961 à 1990 pourraient avoir été les plus clémentes des 750 dernières années. Le climat du XXe siècle a été anormal en ce qu’il a été caractérisé par l’absence d’une période de sécheresse prolongée. Les données dendrochronologiques et de salinité lacustre montrent une amélioration soudaine des conditions climatiques vers le début de la période de l’enregistrement des données climatiques ; on croit, de ce fait, que le réchauffement climatique prévu pourrait avoir comme effet immédiat le retour du climat qui prévalait dans le passé dans les Prairies, alors que les périodes d’aridité persistaient pendant des décennies, parfois plus.
Resumen
La ecozona de las praderas es la única región de Canadá donde la sequía representa un riesgo ambiental ya que está relacionada con la erosión del suelo. La gestión del ecosistema de las praderas y del suelo requiere la comprensión de las tendencias presentes y futuras de la variación regional de la aridez. En este estudio se usaron registros instrumentales y paleoclimáticos para definir un umbral regional de la aridez de las praderas; para evaluar la utilidad de valores climáticos normales actuales (i.e. 1961-1990), como un punto de referencia para futuros cambios climáticos; y para proporcionar un contexto histórico para el rango del pronostico de la aridez regional con base al Modelo de Circulación General. Un escenario de calentamiento seco derivado del modelo canadiense pronostica un incremento significativo del área de zonas de clima subhúmedo y semiárido. Los datos obtenidos a partir de anillos de crecimiento y de salinidad lacustre basados en diatomeas dan cuenta de periodos prolongados de sequía y muestran que el clima normal en el periodo 1961-1990 pudo ser el clima más clemente de los últimos 750 años. El clima del siglo XX fue anómalo en términos de la ausencia de una sequía persistente ya que tanto los datos proporcionados por anillos de creciendo de los árboles como los obtenidos del lago sugieren un mejoramiento abrupto de las condiciones climáticas ocurrido próximo al inicio del registro instrumental. Se sugiere que el impacto inmediato del futuro calentamiento global podría reconvertir las praderas a su condición pasada durante la cual una aridez persistente fue registrada por intervalos de décadas o aun por periodos de tiempo más prolongados.
Parties annexes
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