McGill University Thèses et mémoires publiés en 1995

In this thesis I examine a delay differential equation model for an artificial neural network with two neurons. Linear stability analysis is used to determine the stability region of the stationary solutions. They can lose stability through either a pitchfork or a supercritical Hopf bifurcation. It is shown that, for appropriate parameter values, an interaction takes place between the pitchfork and Hopf bifurcations. Conditions are found under which the set of initial conditions that converge to a stable stationary solution is open and dense in the function space. Analytic results are illustrated with numerical simulations.  Lire la suite

This thesis deals with the long-term planning of electric energy systems. Such systems are defined by complex interconnections of end-uses, energy conversion devices and natural resources. The planning process is usually guided by a number of design criteria, namely, economic, social and environmental impacts as well as system reliability and efficiency. The planning challenge is to find an acceptable compromise among these often conflicting objectives. System efficiency is a critical design criterion normally measuring the ratio of the system output and input energies. In electric energy systems, efficiency is normally defined according to the First Principle of Thermodynamics which states …  Lire la suite

The present study used the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm to examine the neural mechanisms underlying morphine's rewarding effect in the rat. Of thirteen sites tested with intra-cerebral morphine injections, only the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and periaqueductal gray (PAG) produced a CPP, suggesting that morphine's rewarding effect is initiated by an action at these sites. The CPPs induced by intra-VTA and intra-PAG morphine may be produced by different mechanisms because animals conditioned with these two injections exhibited different patterns of behaviour during testing. Injections of a quaternary opioid antagonist into either the VTA or PAG blocked a CPP to …  Lire la suite

According to Metheny (1965), people's impressions of the acceptability of sport for women varies across several factors, including culture and gender. In this study, 206 prospective physical education teachers from Canada and Kenya were questioned about their perceptions of gender appropriateness of various sports. They completed Likert-type questionnaires related to sport/physical activities found in their respective university curricula. For those sports that appeared in both countries, responses were compared (2 x 2 ANOVA) for effects of culture and gender. Gender differences were also addressed within each culture. Results revealed that Canadian respondents perceived fewer sports to be on the extremes …  Lire la suite

This thesis examines and assesses the Gleichschaltung of the Germandom organizations from 1933 to 1939. The first chapter outlines the Peace Treaties of Versailles, Trianon and St. Germain and their effect upon the increased German minority in Europe. This body of Germans in countries outside Germany, Austria and Switzerland are referred to as the Volksdeutsche. The policies of the Weimar Government towards the German minorities in Europe are then examined. The second chapter outlines the minority policy of the National Socialist Party and various prominent National Socialist leaders. Chapter three outlines the major non-National Socialist and National Socialist Germandom organizations. …  Lire la suite

We characterize various complexity classes as the images in set$ sp2,$ set$ sp{V},$ and set$ sp3$ of categories initial in various complexity doctrines. (A doctrine consists of the models of a theory of theories.) We so characterize the linear time, P space, linear space, P time, and Kalmar elementary functions as well as the linear time hierarchy relations. (Our machine model is multi-tape Turing machines with constant number of tapes.) These doctrines extend, using comprehensions, the first order doctrines GM and JB. We show, using dependent product diagrams, how to so extend the higher order doctrine LCC. However, using Church …  Lire la suite

Straub, David (Supervisor)  Lire la suite

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), an important enzyme in folate metabolism, mediates the conversion of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate which serves as the carbon donor for the conversion of homocysteine to methionine. It is also inhibited by S-adenosylmethionine which has shown to be actively demethylated to form S-adenosylhomocysteine, which is hydrolysed to homocysteine. MTHFR deficiency exhibits well-documented clinical and biochemical symptoms. The human MTHFR cDNA was isolated by Goyette et al (1994), and fifteen mutations have been identified at this locus. An animal model would prove to be useful for designing therapeutic approaches for understanding the pathogenesis of this genetic disease at the …  Lire la suite

Les œuvres littéraires peuvent être étudiées suivant des méthodes variées, selon le choix que l'on fasse de mettre l'emphase sur des aspects idéologiques, thématiques ou stylistiques. Nous avons choisi dans cette étude sur la poésie russe de nous concentrer sur ce dernier aspect. Ce travail traite du plus important des poètes du Romantisme russe, Alexandre Pouchkine, et porte principalement sur une comparaison du vocabulaire employé dans les premiers poèmes de la période du Lycée (1814 - 1817) et dans le poeme "Eugène Onéguine" (1823- 1831).  Lire la suite

This research deals with the estimation of rainfalls and floods for locations at which the corresponding data are unavailable (ungauged sites). The overall study can be divided into three different parts. The first part explores the validity of the distributional similarity of the rainfall time series aggregated at different time scales. Based on the theory of multiplicative cascade process, a scale independent mathematical model has been proposed to describe the probability distributions of rainfall time series aggregated at different time scales. It has been demonstrated that the multifractal formalism can be used to estimate the probability distribution of rainfalls for …  Lire la suite

This doctoral thesis reports a series of studies aimed at exploring the control of body equilibrium during perturbations of the bipedal stance in healthy humans, and its modifications by aging and Parkinson's disease (PD). With the use of two unique experimental paradigms, we investigated reflex interactions during forward whole head-and-body tilts (WHBT) in healthy young and elderly subjects, and PD patients. We discovered that the excitability of extensor muscle responses to the stimulation of flexion reflex (FR) afferents was enhanced during WHBTs in young normal subjects. Such a functional output suggested that the specific needs of balance maintenance could have …  Lire la suite

The objective of the proposed research study was to answer the following research questions: Do clients in their respectful stages of diagnosis place more emphasis on certain psychological issues than others? And if so, can we identify the specific psychological issues that were considered to be most significant and unique across the stages of the HIV/AIDS continuum? To test these research questions, 37 homosexual men falling in three specific stages of the infection were surveyed. These three stages included: (1) HIV+ asymptomatic, (2) HIV+ chronic symptomatic, and (3) AIDS diagnosis. The HIV/AIDS Client Concern (HACC) questionnaire was developed to assess …  Lire la suite

Exploration of the visual world requires almost incessant movements of the visual axis (gaze), which are separated by periods of fixation. This thesis describes the neural control of fixation and saccadic gaze displacements. The superior colliculus (SC) is a mid-brain structure involved in gaze redirection executed either by the eyes alone or by combined eye and head movements. Microstimulation of the cat SC revealed a map of evoked gaze shifts, which was coextensive with the motor map encoded by the neuronal activity. The spatio-temporal characteristics of these evoked gaze shifts depended, to some extent, on stimulus parameters or active fixation. …  Lire la suite

This thesis presents a study about the experience of becoming a nursing home resident as it affects the identity and self-esteem of very old persons. In a qualitative study with six female residents of an English-speaking Centre d'Acceuil in Montreal, themes are explored in the light of theory about the effects of institutionalization. Consideration is given to the dynamics of relationships with family, friends, peers and staff. Loss of autonomy is singled out as the factor having the most impact on the individuals in the study. As life draws to a close, each of the women interviewed struggles in her …  Lire la suite

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Fricke-gelatin dosimetry are used to measure absorbed dose distributions from high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy treatments. The high activity of the HDR brachytherapy source is suitable for the prompt delivery of the high doses required to give changes in the Fricke-gelatin Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) characteristics which are readily detected by MRI. The MR images can map 3D dose distributions deposited in the Fricke-gelatin matrix. Spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) and rates (R1) are computed from MR images of irradiated Fricke gelatin phantoms in order to study the dose response relationship for the Fricke gelatin system. …  Lire la suite

The current study was designed to examine sex differences in group interaction in early childhood. Seven classes of four-year old children and six classes of five-year-old participated as subjects. Thirteen playgroups of 6 girls and 6 boys each were formed. Analyses of the girls' and boys' interactions showed that there was a marginally significant trend for girls to engage in more Simultaneous Group Interaction than boys. Analyses of a second measure, Coordinated Group Activity, demonstrated that boys, after five years of age, were found to engage in significantly more group interaction than girls. Findings revealed that in early childhood, males …  Lire la suite

A model of an artificial ecosystem has been formulated for use as a tool to investigate the dynamics of autonomous biosystems. The model is part of a composite model of an EcoCyborg which consists of an ecosystem and its control system, both of which are contained inside a cylindrical space station. The objectives of this project were to design a model of the ecosystem, and to develop a method for its creation and implementation within the overall framework of the EcoCyborg Project. The modeling approach that has been adopted for the ecosystem model is individual-based and object-oriented. This enables the …  Lire la suite

The locomotor behavior of adult rats (n = 48) at different age periods was determined on five inclined plexiglass runways of different widths (24, 18, 12, 6 and 3 mm). Differences in the number (old middle-age $>$ young) were observed between the three age groups. For a subset of animals (n = 17), age-related changes were examined in the organization of the morphological properties of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labelled motoneurons in a representative hindlimb motoneuron pool. Data suggests that the loss of large motoneurons and soma atrophy play a role (p $<$ 0.01) in the organization of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) …  Lire la suite

This study examines the evolution of preschool, primary and secondary education in Belize for the period 1816 to 1994 in relation to access, quality, effectiveness and efficiency in the use of available resources. Qualitative analysis of documentary evidence and interviews with 40 Belizean educators was combined with quantitative analysis of enrollment and other statistics. The data collected identified the major development milestones including compulsory attendance for primary students, the Primary School Leaving Certificate, the Belize National Selection examination for primary students, the Caribbean Examination Council examinations for secondary students and local teacher training. Major continuing issues include: lack of proper …  Lire la suite

Dudek, G. (Advisor)  Lire la suite

This paper examines briefly the changing conceptions of HIV disease in the Canadian context. Historical reference is made to the increase in state involvement in the field of public health, and to the shift from an emphasis on environmental and behavioural factors to infectious agents as the causes of disease. The role of the state in the prevention of HIV disease is then discussed, with reference to human rights and changing perceptions of the role of the law. The paper then considers a specific issue: the criminal law and the sexual transmission of the virus. The Canadian legislation and case …  Lire la suite

Fra Carlo Lodoli (1690-1761) was a priest and teacher with the Franciscans in Venice. His work encompassed a range of ideas concerning politics, history and architecture. Although he did not personally record his philosophy, his teachings became extremely influential to the period through the writings of his disciples: Memmo, Algarotti, and Milizia. His work was to question the codification of architectural theory as implemented in building. This was done through a critical investigation of the dynamic relationship between nature and human nature. Lodoli's architectural elements were created by a process of substitution which recognized the physical properties of materials and …  Lire la suite

This thesis proposed a petrofabric classification of the rock mass domains and rock units encountered at the Birchtree Mine in the Thompson Nickel Belt (TNB), Manitoba. A program of field and laboratory studies has enabled the classification to be related to both geological and physical-mechanical properties. The classification has been aimed to advance TNB mining, mineral exploration and processing research. The thesis also considers the genesis and nature of both inherent and mining-induced rock mass damage at the Birchtree mine. An inherent rock mass damage index, D$ sb{ rm I}$, has been derived, based upon the rock unit intact strength, …  Lire la suite

Lateral instability exerts considerable influence on the sedimentology, planform, and hydraulic characteristics of gravel-bed rivers. Because Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) tolerate a narrow range of depths, velocities and substrate sizes, the quality and quantity of habitat available to salmon should vary with level of river instability. In the Riviere Nouvelle, a Gaspe river destabilized by deforestation and past channelization projects, the effect of lateral instability on habitat was variable. Fines content in riffle substrates did not show a significant relationship to local bank erosion rates, even where the rate was as high as 10 myr$ sp{-1}$ and the proportion of …  Lire la suite

The purpose of this study was to measure the intensity and duration of ice hockey play for six university hockey players (three forwards and three defencemen) and to compare them with the results to a similar study published in 1976. Comparisons of heart rate output and time-motion characteristics between forwards and defencemen were examined as well as differences in intensity between practices and games. The players performed at significantly lower intensity, had less playing time per shift, and had less playing time per game than the players in the 1976 study. Both investigations had similar bench times between shifts. The …  Lire la suite

It is well known that the size of a polynomial is controlled in the whole complex plane by the logarithmic integral of the polynomial. In the present thesis we show that the logarithmic sum, a discrete analogue of the logarithmic integral, can be used, with suitable precautions, for the same purpose. We obtain uniform estimates of polynomials having sufficiently small logarithmic sums. In these estimates, dependence of the polynomials is expressed entirely through the logarithmic sums of the polynomials. This result was originally established by Paul Koosis in 1966. The proof that we present here is, however, new. We use …  Lire la suite

Female participation in all spheres of society is crucial in the development of a nation. One way of increasing this participation is through education in the formal system because it provides more opportunities in a modernizing society. This study presents the situation of women in education in the context of Tanzania, which has developed policies geared towards equality at all levels of society. Tanzanian educational policies have attempted to equalize opportunities for everyone regardless of race, gender and social class. A few of those policies have succeeded in reducing gender imbalances without however changing attitudes towards women's potential in the …  Lire la suite

By studying the modes by which dialogue is inscribed in Le Cote de Guermantes, as well as the way it operates within the narrative discourse, we show that the sociolectal realism of this novel is derived mostly from the inscription and the circulation, within the fictional discourse, of pragmalinguistic and socio-ideological presuppositions obtaining in the "faubourg Saint-Germain" of the French III$ sp{ rm rd}$ Republic. Indeed, this novel absorbs and reproduces, in addition to a limited number of socially marked words or expressions, the role relationships, the power relationships, and, especially, the discursive strategies of the real world aristocratic ideology. …  Lire la suite

The methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase and methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase activities from the human trifunctional dehydrogenase/cyclohydrolase/synthetase are proposed to share a single active site. Binding studies reveal that a single tetrahydrofolate binding site exists in the domain and therefore the two activities share a single substrate binding site. As well, a single high affinity NADP-binding site was shown to exist in the domain, where NADP acts both as a substrate of the dehydrogenase and as a partial inhibitor of the cyclohydrolase, at the common active site. The 2$ sp prime$-phosphate of the $2 sp prime ,5 sp prime$-ADP moiety of NADP provides most of …  Lire la suite

This thesis represents the first large-scale, systematic study to use the double trace moment (DTM) technique in order to characterize the universal multifractal nature of aircraft-based measurements of wind velocity and several passive scalar concentrations under a variety of ambient conditions. Power-law scaling behaviour was demonstrated for the examined fields, from the smallest accessible measurement scales up to at least 250 km, right through the "mesoscale gap" postulated by the standard model of atmospheric dynamics. DTM results indicate remarkable stability in the estimates of the multifractality index, $ alpha$, and the codimension of mean singularity, $C sb1$, for wind velocity …  Lire la suite

As early as the fifth century C.E., the thousand buddha motif had become a prevalent feature in the art of many cave-temples in Gansu, China. Past scholarship concentrated on tracing the textual sources of the motif and with relating it to the practices associated with the devotion to the three thousand buddhas of the three ages. Past research has not considered how the thousand buddhas may have been a reflection of a wider range of religious practices and popular beliefs nor has it explored the motif's artistic origin. By demonstrating that the earliest examples of the two-dimensional painted form of …  Lire la suite

The study of interculturality ("intercultural competence"), its foundations and its effects in francophone Western Africa reveals the need for a reconceptualization of intercultural communication. A theory of interculturality should be interdisciplinary, non-positivist, critical and reflexive. Because conventional approaches and their applications create a spatial and temporal distance, and undervalue endogenous knowledges, they limit understanding and hamper reciprocal intercultural exchanges. The observation of communication processes around a sub regional West African organization (the "Communaute economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest") reveals that interculturality is not a characteristic of better educated Africans or of those most exposed to foreign cultures, and even less …  Lire la suite

The GATT Anti-Dumping Code provides that anti-dumping proceedings may be concluded without the imposition of duties if the exporters of the dumped product offer undertakings which the authorities of the importing country consider acceptable. Undertakings are, in essence, formal commitments by exporters under anti-dumping investigation to abstain from dumping or to ensure that their exports will not injure the domestic producers of the product concerned. In accordance with the GATT rules, he anti-dumping laws of the European Community and the United States contain provisions allowing the anti-dumping authorities to accept price undertakings. In practice, however, the use of undertakings in …  Lire la suite

The idea explored in this thesis is that the Reverie is a distinct literary genre, which found its birth with the realization of the Reveries du Promeneur solitaire by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The analysis of that text suggests that the literary Reverie is defined by the thoughts it contains about language's power to reflect reality accurately. In this context, Rousseau's book appears to be a place of experimentation in which the author attempts to capture his inner self and the world that surrounds him, as precisely as possible. The notion of referent plays a key role in this study. It is …  Lire la suite

The role of preventative management strategies in the development of discipline in the gymnasium and the classroom has been well established (Doyle, 1986; Siedentop, 1991). However, little research has specifically investigated the complete range of discipline techniques used by teachers to prevent misbehavior and to regulate it after its occurrence. This study described the discipline techniques used by secondary physical education teachers and compared them to Henkel's (1991) Physical Education Pupil Inventory (PEPCI) developed for elementary teachers. Eight high school physical educators were observed for four lessons each and were interviewed following the observations. Discipline techniques observed and presented in …  Lire la suite

With the advent of portable communications there has been an increased emphasis on high-speed, low-power microelectronics. The log-domain filter is a novel form of continuous-time filter which shows promise in this area. Based on the translinear principle, log-domain filters are simple in structure, fast and easily tunable. This thesis will present a technique for the design of log-domain filters which is based on the operational simulation of LC ladders. The technique is demonstrated through the complete design of a fifth-order Chebyshev log-domain filter, as well as the design of elliptic and bandpass filters. The filters were fabricated using the Gennum …  Lire la suite

This thesis proposes that Yeats found in certain conventions of the Noh drama a realization and defense of his idea of unity of culture, which his Noh-like Four Plays for Dancers illustrates. Yeats' use of recurrent imagery in the dance plays expresses his belief in a unity of culture defined and evoked by an image and stems in part from the pattern of images he discovered in the Pound-Fenollosa translations of the Noh. The imagery of the poetic text reappears in symbolic visual designs or is coordinated with music and dance in the production of the plays. The importance of …  Lire la suite

Somatically heritable change in regional chromatin structure leading to transcriptional inactivation is observed in a variety of organisms. Euchromatic and heterochromatic domains have been proposed to be formed and maintained by the action of nonhistone chromosomal proteins that either bind directly to DNA or are members of chromatin binding protein complexes. The nonhistone chromosomal proteins M31 and M32 are candidate inducer or maintenance genes of repressed chromatin states in the mouse. I have investigated M31 gene organization and M31 and M32 gene expression to further examine the possible role of these genes in the formation or maintenance of heterochromatic domains. …  Lire la suite

Advances in cry research and understanding have been limited due to the lack of available analysis and classification methods which can adequately deal with the particulars of this simple, yet effective, communication medium. This thesis presents a new processing and classification methods for infant cry signals. First, a new method of accurately extracting the vocal fundamental frequency from cry signals is proposed. This multi-step crosscorrelation vector-based method accurately tracks rapid changes in the fundamental frequency in these utterances, is not limited to any particular range of pitch values, and allows a more detailed view of this important parameter for further …  Lire la suite

Tintoretto, one of the great Venetian masters of the sixteenth century, is renowned for his compositional innovations. The painter also worked as a stage and costume designer for the Compagnie della Calza. As a result, he selected and combined elements of other disciplines in his pictures. This thesis focuses on the fusion of the arts in Tintoretto's imagery. A comprehensive analysis of this interdisciplinary aspect reveals the subtlety of Tintoretto's creative mind. The challenge is to discover Tintoretto as a stage designer who conceived pictures as theatrical performances. Instead of the traditional preparatory sketch, he built a miniature stage in …  Lire la suite

The current study examined whether female and male newborns could be differentiated using physical and behavioural characteristics. Sixteen female and fifteen male newborns were videotaped interacting briefly with a female and male experimenter. Raters coded neonatal physical characteristics, and both neonatal and adult behaviours. Results showed that raters could discriminate the sex of the newborns based upon the degree of cuddliness and activity level. It was also found that adults responded differently with female and male newborns. Finally, the male and female experimenter were found to differ in their behaviours with the newborns. Discussion focuses on the importance of methodological …  Lire la suite

This study examined the influence of activated and chronic interpersonal expectations on primary and secondary appraisal of a stressful life event. Fifty-one female undergraduates were asked to imagine themselves facing an unplanned pregnancy, after which affective state and coping strategies were assessed. A subliminal priming technique was used during the experimental session to activate either positive, negative or neutral interpersonal expectations. Chronic interpersonal expectations were assessed in a telephone interview, using the Collins and Read (1990) attachment scale. Activated negative interpersonal expectations reduced positive affect; chronic interpersonal anxiety heightened overall negative affect, while chronic comfort with closeness and feeling one …  Lire la suite

This study set out to determine the type of proxy more likely to provide reliable information on the perceived health-related quality of life of elderly patients needing care and rehabilitation, according to their current living situation. A sub-objective was to estimate floor effects of the scale used to assess health-related quality of life when employed in a sample of elderly individuals. In this interrater reliability study, the self-perceived quality-of-life scores of elderly patients were compared to their quality-of-life scores, as provided by two different proxies. Eighty-three consenting elderly patients completed a generic health-related quality of life questionnaire, the SF-36, and …  Lire la suite

Dylan Thomas's relationship with radio is marked by an increasingly complex aesthetic response. The broadcasts which he wrote for the B.B.C. demonstrate a progressive refinement of technique and an increasingly original approach to the medium. Under Milk Wood, in many regards, represents the culmination of this broadcasting work; it is a remarkable response to the evocative potentials of radio. But the piece, apart from confirming Thomas's achievement in radio, also provides a unique vehicle for exploring critical treatment of a non-textual form like radio. The critical history of Under Milk Wood emphasises the need for a "form-sensitive" criticism appreciative of …  Lire la suite

Marie Laberge began her career as a playwright at the end of the 1970's. Presently, with 15 plays to her name, she holds an important place in women's theatre in Quebec and in Quebecois theatre in general. Not only is Marie Laberge a successful playwright, she is also a novelist. This work examines the feminist ideas and the female experience as presented in Marie Laberge's plays and novels. Initially, the important themes of women's theatre in Quebec and Marie Laberge's position and role within this movement will be explored. The dominant themes of the feminist movement in Quebec since 1970 …  Lire la suite

The thesis describes a program of research that investigated whether women's perceptions of intergroup conflict between men and women impact upon their interpersonal relationships with men. A series of three studies focus on two groups of women: women who perceive a high amount of gender-based discrimination and women who perceive relatively little gender-based discrimination. Unexpectedly, despite significant differences between the two groups in terms of their social indentities as women and their gender ideologies, there were no differences between them with respect to the nature and extent of their work, platonic, and intimate relationships with men. Two psychological mechanisms that …  Lire la suite

The "Discours preliminaire" opening Francois-Xavier Garneau's Histoire du Canada depuis sa decouverte jusq'a nos jours in 1845 has often been held for a rather didactic discourse regarding the historian's methods. This thesis proposes a new reading of the text according to three different perspectives. We will first retrace, through eleven editions, the editorial history of the "Discours" and, by the same means, of Garneau's Histoire. This reconstitution more particularly reveals the impact of the Histoire on the public at its first publication and the successive readings' influence on the work's form. We will then analyse the ideological content of the …  Lire la suite

The Parisian Holy League, an insurgent movement in conflict with both royal government and the social elites, expounded, in spite of itself, a conservative, nobiliary social ideology. According to the pamphlets published by the League, the essence of nobility was virtue, and human society was organised in conformity with a divinely-ordained, hierarchical tripartite model. Nevertheless, in rejecting the racial ideas of certain noblemen, and in striving to apply the traditional nobiliary ideology, the Leaguers charged that ideology with a radical and anti-noble purport.  Lire la suite

The purpose of this descriptive study is to examine how some large organizations selected for the quality of their human resource management (HRM) practices evaluate their human resource (HR) function, and to investigate the purpose and usefulness of HRM evaluation within these organizations. Five questions are investigated: (1) Who decides whether or not to evaluate the HR function? (2) What are the objectives of HRM evaluation? (3) What is the focus of HRM evaluation? (4) What are the means used to evaluate HRM? (5) What is the impact of HRM evaluation on the direction of human resource management within the …  Lire la suite

Humans can only survive the low barometric pressure of altitudes above 6000m by making a complex series of adaptations. The energetics of human survival at such extreme altitudes have not been widely studied. Objectives were to compare the doubly labelled water (DLW) and intake-balance (IB) methods to estimate daily energy expenditure while climbing between 6000 and 8046m and to investigate the putative metabolic cost involved with the process of acclimatization to extreme altitude. Reliability of the DLW method to provide an accurate and portable means to measure human energy expenditure depends upon a series of assumptions regarding the flux of …  Lire la suite