McGill University Thèses et mémoires publiés en 1995

The aim of this study was to investigate the cadmium (Cd) exposure level from traditional food in Fort Resolution, Northwest Territories. Cd concentration in the liver and kidney of caribou and moose exceeded the action level (1 $ mu$g/g) established by Agriculture Canada, but the frequencies of consumption of these foods were relatively low. Cd intakes from traditional food ranged from 0.01 to 1713 $ mu$g/day/person. Average Cd intakes from traditional food were estimated to be 10% and 6% of the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI), 7 $ mu$g/kg body weight/person, for women and men, respectively. The major contributors to …  Lire la suite

The arc ion-plating technique is used in the industrial coating processes where TiN thin films are deposited onto various base materials. The overall objective of this research was to study the effects of low pressure nitrogen introduced into a continuous, titanium vacuum arc. An arc ion-plating system was designed and built to allow for as much flexibility as possible. Permanent magnets were placed behind the cathode surface to confine and rotate the arc. Changes in cathode, arc and emission properties were noted with respect to vacuum, argon and nitrogen ambients. The introduction of nitrogen, above a critical pressure ($ sim$1 …  Lire la suite

Compensatory articulation was investigated in normal and brain-damaged individuals by comparing vowel production under normal and perturbed speaking conditions. The effects of fixed mandibular positioning on first and second formant frequencies of the vowels (u i ae a) were investigated in ten normal subjects, six nonfluent aphasics and six fluent aphasics. Adaptation to perturbation was examined under compensatory and noncompensatory conditions, in which the degree of mandibular opening posed maximal and minimal interference respectively, with reference to normal articulatory positioning. F1 and F2 values, determined by linear predictive coding, were measured at the onset and midpoint of glottal pulsing to …  Lire la suite

The purpose of this research was to improve and apply to industrial conditions the 3-D computer simulation of the impregnation and pulping of wood developed using large handmade wood blocks by Morin (Ph.D. theses, McGill 1994). The simulation, written in Fortran 77, predicts the convection, diffusion, and reaction mechanisms in CMP and CTMP pulping processes. Chemicals concentration profiles inside the chips can be obtained at any point of time during impregnation and pulping. The simulation was rendered practical and easy to use by reducing the required input parameters to known operating conditions. Correlations between sapwood and heartwood chips fundamental properties …  Lire la suite

Two studies were carried out in the Morgan Arboretum of McGill University to explore the agroforestry potential of some native tree species of Southern Quebec. In the first study, soil chemical characteristics under basswood (Tilia americana L.), white ash (Fraxinus americana L.) and bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis Wang. K. Koch) in relation to sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) were assessed in natural stands. Soil pH was highest under white ash and was lowest under bitternut hickory. Soil NO$ sb3 sp-$ was low under basswood compared to white ash. Soil pH and exchangeable soil Ca$ sp{2+}$ and Mn$ sp{2+}$ decreased with …  Lire la suite

The opera bouffe Les mamelles de Tiresias (1944) by Francis Poulenc (1899-1963) stands at the crossroad between the composer's formative and mature works. The opera exhibits a number of harmonic features characteristics of Poulenc's eclectic, idiosyncratic style. This thesis attempts to address the lack of attention given this work in particular and Poulenc's output in general. The thesis consists of two volumes. Volume I contains the introduction, three chapters and the conclusion. Volume 2 contains musical examples, analytical graphs and reproductions of Act 1, Scenes 1 and 2, and Act 2, Scenes 7 and 8 from the piano-vocal score of …  Lire la suite

This thesis examines the nature of an electronic medium known as hypertext in relation to the act and experience of writing and expression. Essential to the thesis is a conviction that the experiential realm that is created by a particular medium of communication and/or representation is capable of also creating new 'habits of mind' or 'worldings.' These two concepts are indicative of the intensity of experience that is made available via an expressive act and the extent to which the various aspects of this intensity are capable of transformations on personal and public levels. One of the central issues of …  Lire la suite

Side-scan sonar imagery, 40 in$ sp3$ sleeve gun and 3.5 kHz high-resolution profiles reveal a dichotomy of the upper Labrador Slope into (i) a low-relief sector off Hudson Strait that is dominated by mass-transport deposits resulting from the direct input of subglacially derived debris, and (ii) a high-relief sector to the south resulting mainly from deposition out of turbid surface plumes, and headward canyon erosion. This dichotomy continues in the Labrador Basin, where the leveed Northwest Atlantic Mid-Ocean Channel (NAMOC) is flanked by a sandy submarine braidplain in the east, which is the basinward extension of the differences on the …  Lire la suite

Despite the hitherto unsettled political and legal status of Taiwan, air transportation between Taiwan and Mainland China has experienced tremendous growth since 1987. To date, this air transport has been effected through the use of an intermediate stop station in Hong Kong, in order that both States may avoid the recognition of the other as the legitimate "Chinese Government". However, Hong Kong will revert to the PRC in 1997. As a result, the issue of nonstop flights between Taiwan and the Mainland takes on an added urgency. This issue is not merely political. In terms of air carrier liability, Taiwan …  Lire la suite

The economic regulation of air transport is a field that was, in large part, left out from the Chicago Convention of 1944 drafted at the Chicago Conference, due to a lack of agreement amongst the participants. Since then, ICAO has made numerous unsuccessful attempts to fill this void. With the inclusion of air transport services in the General Agreement on Trade in Services of 1993, the subject has once again come to the forefront of the aviation liberalization efforts. This thesis describes the economic regulation of air transport since 1944 as set out in the Chicago Convention, its consequences and …  Lire la suite

Genetic variation within and between two cultivars of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), Essi from Europe and Ottawa from Canada was estimated using morphological, isozyme and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. A total of 21 enzyme-coding loci with 43 alleles was detected using twelve enzyme systems. The mean number of alleles per locus was 1.81 in Essi and 1.67 in Ottawa. Nine 10-mer primers were used to assay 20 individuals from each cultivar for RAPD markers. Each primer gave from 7 to 20 amplified bands with an average of 14.8 bands per primer. High within-cultivar variation was observed in …  Lire la suite

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of easy listening popular music on the learning of a perceptual motor task by elementary school aged children. Specifically, forty nine grade four children were analyzed on learning five variables of a dribbling task either with or without background music. The students' social behaviour for the nonmusic and music groups was also observed and analyzed. Finally, the subjects completed a written questionnaire which helped determine their personal preferences with respect to learning with background music. A Group (2) by Trial (2) by Dribbling Variables (5) ANOVA with repeated measures on …  Lire la suite

The role of turbulence in the process of collision and coalescence of small cloud droplets is still an outstanding problem in the area of cloud physics. In particular, the growth of droplets in the radius range for 10 to 15 $ mu$m is not well understood. The present research has been motivated by the curiosity whether or not turbulence affects the growth rate of such small drops. We developed a method to calculate collision rates of small hydrodynamically interacting drops embedded in an external flow field; we call it the flux method. Then, the method was tested for simple cases …  Lire la suite

Rea, John (Supervisor)  Lire la suite

To enhance the performance of dehydrogenases in synthetic organic chemistry, coenzyme analogs of NAD(P)$ sp+$/NAD(P)H were examined. Our study shows that dehydrogenases are more efficient with NAD(P)$ sp+$ than with the APAD(P)$ sp+,$ FPAD$ sp+$ or SPAD(P)$ sp+$ under non-regenerating oxidative conditions in terms of yields. Under regenerating conditions, APAD$ sp+$ often exceeded NAD$ sp+$ in terms of product formation. Lower yields were observed with SPAD(P)$ sp+$ and FPAD$ sp+.$ These coenzyme analogs also displayed reduced reactivity, but APAD$ sp+$ was the most promising of the three. In reduction experiments, the analogs are as equally or slightly less efficient as …  Lire la suite

Rh hemolytic disease of the newborn, once a major cause of perinatal mortality and long-term disability, is rarely seen in developed countries today. This drastic reduction in the frequency of disease occurrence has followed the widespread postpartum use of Rh immunoglobulin. However, more than half the world's population does not have access to this health care technology. The objective of this thesis was to study the epidemiology of Rh disease in developed country settings and specifically to quantify the magnitude of Rh disease reduction that occurred secondary to Rh prophylaxis, and to changes in birth order, the quality of medical …  Lire la suite

Potato leafhopper causes considerable damage in red clover. The main objectives of this study were to clarify the inheritance of pubescence and to evaluate the relationship between pubescence and potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae (Harris) resistance. Thirteen red clover clones of diverse origin, including both pubescent and non-pubescent types were used as parents. A series of crosses were made in all possible combinations among the 13 parental clones. Seedlings of F$ sb1$ progeny and stem cuttings from parents were planted in the field in the summer of 1993 in a randomized complete block design. Based on the results, the inheritance of …  Lire la suite

This study is an attempt to bring to light an important Ottoman Turkish work of theosophy entitled Ïtâl]ü'I-l:fikem (Elucidation of Wisdoms), written by Ismall An~aravT (d. 1631) as a commentary on the treatise Hayakil al-Nür (The Temples of Ught) by Shihàb al-Din Suhrawardl (d. 1191). The study consists of three main parts. The first part provides a detailed account of the life and works of the author, An~aravT, with an emphasis on his scholarship in the context of the Ottoman learned class. The second part, which is the main body of this research, presents a chapter by chapter analysis of …  Lire la suite

Urea, N-methylurea and carbamate linked thymidine dimers, 38, 37 and 39 respectively, were synthesized efficiently and incorporated into 12- and 19-mer DNA oligonucleotide strands, via solid-phase synthesis. Thermal denaturation studies utilizing complementary single stranded DNA, RNA and duplex DNA, indicated selectivity of binding of all three backbone modified oligomers to single stranded DNA. The oligomer containing dimer 37 exhibited the strongest binding to single stranded DNA. Carbamate and 5$ sp prime$-N-methylurea modified dimers suitable for the preparation of longer nucleoside homopolymers were efficiently prepared from either thymidine or 3$ sp prime$-azido-3$ sp prime$-deoxythymidine. Three efficient syntheses of precursors (7, 33, …  Lire la suite

Influenced by national Communists with whom he came in contact in Bolshevik Russia, Sevket Sureyya Aydemir developed in early republican Turkey a theory which he called theory of national emancipation movements. According to this theory, the emancipation of a colonial nation did not consist only of obtaining political sovereignty. A vanguard of revolutionary elite had to monopolize power, and lead the nation to the creation of a classless society. It was understood that the coming of this new society was the prerequisite for the success of socialist revolution in industrialized countries. Yet, although many in the Kemalist regime felt sympathetic …  Lire la suite

Measurement of the physical strength of bonds linking in biological cells is important in characterizing adhesion processes in circulation. We describe measurements of the hydrodynamic force required to separate doublets of latex spheres cross-linked by receptor-ligand bonds. Previous work with the blood group antigen-antibody system (Tees et al., Biophys. J. 65: 1318-1334, 1993), showed that rupture of receptor-ligand bonds is a stochastic process, both time and force-dependent. The present work extends this study to a protein-protein system, with the receptor, an IgG antibody linked to latex microspheres, either covalently or by physical adsorption, cross-linked via the Fc region by the …  Lire la suite

Given that a probabilistic approach is now broadly used in automatic speech recognition (ASR), it becomes very rapidly impossible from a memory and execution time point of view to perform an exhaustive search, especially for lexica of more than a thousand words. The use of various heuristics or other approaches to reduce the amount of space and/or time needed is thus inevitable. This thesis describes many such approaches, both for very large lexicon ($>$20000 words) speaker-independent isolated word systems and for large lexicon (between 3000 and 20000 words) speaker-independent continuous speech systems. For isolated words systems, it describes an efficient …  Lire la suite

The restricted approach to peace in theories of international relations (peace as the absence of war or state survival) is not conducive to the long-term alleviation of human suffering. This thesis uses the philosophy of ecology, with its holistic approach to "positive peace", as a means to critique the peace conceptions and prescriptions in the realist and liberal strands of IR theory. A review of ecological thought stresses the convergence of deep ecology and social ecology under a radical umbrella. Inspired from anarchist/naturalist philosophy, radical ecology seeks peace by defending an ethic of detachment and cooperation, a decentralized polis and …  Lire la suite

This master's essay of literary analysis studies the rhetorical notion of the sublime in a number of discourses drawn from the Relations des jesuites de Nouvelle-France, including harangues pronounced by Amerindian leaders, panegyrics, letters of missionaries and dream accounts. In view of models of the sublime proposed by rhetoricians of classical Antiquity, this study shows the close bond which unites ethics and aesthetics in the Jesuit's mind. The criterions according to which the missionaries are affected by the great discourses are considered. This study also emphasizes the influence of the sublime, which provides the impetus for the apostolic vocation and …  Lire la suite

This thesis is a comparative study of two contemporary novels: Christa Wolf's: Cassandra (1983) and Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale (1985). Wolf's Cassandra can be interpreted as a utopian projection. It is an expression of Wolf's not so modest proposal: "Literature today ought to be research on peace." Atwood examines the underside of hope. While describing the present time as alarming, she speculates about the future. Juxtaposing the two novels provides a view of the political and philosophical imagination of the two authors. The cultural critique is esthetically expanded through the perspective of the protagonists. Both novels can be viewed …  Lire la suite

le but de cette étude était de vérifier les effets d'un projet de correspondance avec une classe d'élèves francophones, sur les attitudes des élèves anglophones envers leur apprentissage de la langue seconde, en l'occurrence le français, et envers la communauté cible.  Lire la suite

Des jeunes garçons présentant des retards de langage sans étiologie connue et leurs parents ont été étudies dans ce projet. Dans la première partie, les enfants ayant des retards de langage ont été compares à un groupe contrôle constitue de garçons normaux du même âge, afin d'investiguer les corrélatifs comportementaux des retards de langage. Compare au groupe contrôle, les enfants ayant des retards de langage furent décrits par leurs parents comme manifestant plus de problèmes de comportements intériorises et extériorises. De plus, ils se montrèrent moins coopératifs pour de simples requêtes maternelles sur une tache standardisée. Les groupes étaient semblables …  Lire la suite

Abstract Not Available.  Lire la suite

This thesis presents an analytic review of the different definitions of "Open Skies Treaty". It mainly introduces American, Canadian and European views of Open Skies. We also propose our definition of Open Skies in a North American context including our NAFTA partner, Mexico. Then, the thesis conducts a detailed study of the law and practice pertaining to regional Open Skies Agreements in Europe, Latin America, Australasia and in the Asia/Pacific region. Afterwards, an analysis of the main provisions of the North American Free Trade Agreement is made with reference to air transport. Follows, an overview of the state of the …  Lire la suite

The present study describes a new test of tonic pain in rats which can be used as an animal model of persistent pain. In the first experiment, the response to subcutaneous injection of various doses of bee venom into the hind paw of the rat was quantified. The second experiment investigated the effect of morphine and aspirin on the response to an intermediate dose of bee venom. Finally, the third experiment examined the response to concurrent injections of bee venom and formalin. Subcutaneous injection of bee venom produced local inflammation, marked edema, and tonic pain responses. Increasing doses of bee …  Lire la suite

Non-linear phenomena exhibit extreme variability over a wide range of scales and intensities. In multifractal processes, variability increases algebraically with resolution: as we approach the small scale limit, we develop a highly singular field of diverging and vanishing densities. Even over a finite range of scales, the variability can readily exceed the finite signal-response range capabilities of measuring devices. In face of such extreme behavior, one can no longer consider the problems of observing such processes as "merely" experimental ones. Detectors will rarely be capable of handling the full dynamic range of intensities, missing either the extreme events or the …  Lire la suite

On January 1, 1994, the Civil Code of Quebec came into force. The study and the construction of the Code will certainly bring up a great number of discussions and litigations in the coming years, the new regime of the sale of moveables certainly being a part of these numerous debates. This thesis not only attempts to systematize and to understand the different recourses of the seller of moveables, but also to identify the different problems which will be faced in the years to come. In this thesis, the author also takes the opportunity to express his opinion on numerous …  Lire la suite

Professionals whose job it is to counsel patients must be cognizant of the role played by communication in the establishment of a trusting working relationship. This is no less true for those within the medical community who must obtain informed consent for surgical interventions than it is for those working within the area of mental health. In order to determine what role communication plays in the obtaining of informed consent within a pediatrics setting, a qualitative study was conducted of 20 surrogates (those individuals giving consent on behalf of legally incompetent children) and of 5 surgeons performing surgical interventions on …  Lire la suite

To determine if the form of muscle compartmentalization, in which a deep region of oxidative fibres surrounded by a superficial region of low-oxidative fibres, is maintained in old Sprague-Dawley rats at the 50% survival age (n = 8; 24-26 mo) compared to weight-matched controls (n = 14; 5-7 mo), isometric contractile properties, muscle histochemistry and the motoneuron pool were examined for medial gastrocnemius (MG) using its two nerve branches (NBr). Old muscle showed atrophy, less force and slower contractions. Although the cross-sectional area of the oxidative region did not change, the percentage of its oxidative fibres increased (myosin ATPase). The …  Lire la suite

Epidemiological and laboratory research supports a relationship between acute alcohol intoxication and aggression. Recent data suggest that alcohol disrupts cognitive abilities associated with frontal lobe function. Moreover, neuropsychological research provides suggestive evidence that frontal lobe dysfunction may predispose an individual to increased aggression. The research recounted in this thesis was conducted to investigate the role of individual differences of cognitive abilities associated with the dorsolateral frontal cortex in aggressive behaviour and to test the hypothesis that alcohol indirectly potentiates aggression by impairing these cognitive abilities. The three experiments included in this thesis demonstrated that: (1) acute alcohol intoxication interferes with …  Lire la suite

Integrating a thematic perspective and textual analysis into the method, this Master's thesis proposes to study the theme and images of death in Madame Bovary. This essay analyses the representation of death, the relationships with the survivors and the links with the main character. It demonstrates the egoistic perception of death among the survivors and explains the thematic advancement in chapter VIII of the third part of the novel. The peripheral elements of death, such as the character Lestiboudois, the cemetery, the taboos and the generally accepted ideas, are studied in the first chapter. The second is devoted to Emma …  Lire la suite

The tidal flow characteristics around L'Anse du Petit Mitis were described using velocity data from six moored current metres. L'Anse du Petit Mitis is a shallow bay in the lee of the downstream slanting Pointe Mitis. The predominantly M$ sb2$ current showed the following signs of tide induced transient recirculation within the bay: the M$ sb2$ phase within the bay is 65$ sp circ$ ahead of that outside of the bay; the amplitude of the M$ sb4$ and Eulerian mean constituents are relatively large within the bay; and the M$ sb2$ tidal ellipse and the Eulerian mean are oriented towards …  Lire la suite

A preliminary analysis of translation initiation has been carried out using the model system Drosophila melanogaster. These efforts have focussed on identifying the homolog of mammalian of mammalian eIF-4F, a complex of three subunits; eIF-4E which binds the mRNA cap, eIF-4A which has ATP-dependent RNA helicase activity, and eIF-4$ gamma$, of unknown function. Attempts to clone the genes encoding subunits of eIF-4F have led to the isolation of two novel genes. A molecular screen for members of the DEAD family of RNA helicases that includes eIF-4A led to the isolation of a gene which encodes the putative homolog of a …  Lire la suite

Water management for the irrigation of containerized production remains a task reserved to a highly qualified personnel. Without proper instruments to determine the actual water needs, nursery crops can face growth losses of 20 to 30%. Reviewing the different methods that are used in field production, tensiometer have shown the greatest potential of adaptation to potted plants. Tests on the utilization of tensiometer were realized on two peat-vermiculite substrates, using two types of porous cup (1 bat--standard flow and 1 bar--high flow). The instruments were tested while permanently fixed in the growing medium, and temporarily fixed for three hours in …  Lire la suite

The purpose was to determine the effect of Naproxen in attenuating the symptoms (muscle soreness level) and signs (plasma CK activity and muscular strength decrement) of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Twenty subjects were randomly assigned Naproxen (500 mg BID) or placebo in a double-blind, crossover design. Two testing phases, each 8 days in duration, were separated by a washout period of 7 days. Eccentric single-leg exercises were performed on Days 1, 3 and 4 to induce DOMS in the quadriceps muscles. Perception of muscle soreness, plasma CK, and knee extensor torque were evaluated throughout each phase. Following the eccentric …  Lire la suite

Depending on the legal tradition one belongs to, the price is or is not a material term of contract. In American law, the Uniform Commercial Code expressly authorizes the open price contract. On the contrary, the French Civil Code forbids it and renders such a contract void for indefiniteness. This situation does not favor the international relations since, in many cases, the national courts seized read the international contract or law through the lenses of domestic law or principles. To avoid these consequences, a great harmonization has been undertaken since 1929. This effort resulted first in the adoption of the …  Lire la suite

This thesis analyses the intratextual literary symbols of Jacques Poulin's writings, and illustrates the autorepresentative characteristic of his production. Inspired by the three levels for the analysis of autorepresentation established by Janet M. Paterson, this essay demonstrates how Poulin's writings do, in fact, compose a system. The author's choice to stage a character writer experiencing difficulties in his creative effort, is representative in itself: Poulin obviously wished to attract the reader's attention to the literary discourse of his writings. The concrete circumstances of the act of creation are therefore revealed by the fictitious writer. This essay suggests that the presence …  Lire la suite

The cap binding protein complex (elF-4F) has been shown to play an important role in the regulation of gene expression. The cloning of the genes encoding the large subunit of eIF-4F in yeast and mammals (p150 and p220 respectively) have provided the opportunity to characterize this little understood polypeptide. In this study, two functions of the yeast homolog, TIF4631 (p150), were analyzed: (1) complex formation with eIF-4E, and (2) RNA binding. Interaction with eIF-4E was found to require the presence of an internal region of p150 surrounding an evolutionarily conserved 9 amino acid motif. The RNA-binding capacity of p150 was …  Lire la suite

This dissertation explores the way Jurgen Moltmann's biblical hermeneutic informs his salvation-historical approach to ecological theology. Coming from the post-Barthian camp of German Protestant theology, Moltmann has inherited Karl Barth's theological critique of the technological-scientific spirit of modernity. Moltmann differs from Barth, however, in the fact that his underlying preoccupation with the question of theodicy leads him to interpret Barth's theological critique of modernity from within the perspective of modernity's victims. This he accomplishes by retrieving the biblical tradition of eschatologia crucis. Moltmann's political hermeneutic of scripture, which he develops on the basis of the eschatologia crucis, vindicates his salvation-historical …  Lire la suite

To what extent can the application of R-2000 and Advanced House energy standards to affordable housing be cost effective, and what are the most appropriate technologies for attaining this goal? While the technology to construct energy efficient houses exists, whether or not this is economically feasible at the affordable housing level remains undetermined. The current lack of knowledge of the issues related to energy efficiency in lower cost housing is a significant barrier to change. The study provides a survey of some of the potential upgrades available on the Canadian market and reviews the incremental cost, performance and potential for …  Lire la suite

A large tube microwave digestion system with capsule sample introduction has been developed. This is the first automatic pressurized microwave digestion system to use: (1) capsule sample introduction, (2) reagent addition, and (3) controlled venting, during a digestion. The digestion tube has built-in cooling, an infrared temperature sensor, an in-line pressure sensor, automatic venting, and a new type of valve, called the "Flange Valve". The flange valve was designed for loading capsules into the digestion tube and for easy cleaning of all valve and tube parts wetted by the sample. The digestion tube is made of Teflon PFA$ sp circler,$ …  Lire la suite

Avant les années 1970 1 la conduite de l'avocat exerçant en litige civil au Québec a très rarement fait l'objet de commentaires, que ce soit en jurisprudence ou en doctrine. La conduite d'un avocat fut remise en question a quelques reprises seulement; on retrouvait des allégations d'abus du système judiciaire par l'avocat se prêtant a des procédures prétendument injustifiées voire malicieuses. La notion de conflit d'intérêts ne soulevait pas non plus les débats que l'on connait aujourd'hui, animes en bonne partie par la décision de la Cour suprême du Canada dans l'affaire Succession MacDonald C. Martin. […]  Lire la suite

Chen, M. F. (Advisor)  Lire la suite

Glenn, H. Patrick (Supervisor)  Lire la suite

The objective of this thesis was to determine the molecular basis of neonatal multiple carboxylase deficiency (MCD) produced by an impairment in holocarboxylase synthetase (HCS) activity and the origin of the biotin-responsiveness that characterizes this disease. To determine HCS activity, I developed a peptide substrate and used the biotinylation system of E: coli to determine its properties. C-terminal fragments of the $ alpha$ subunit of human propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC-$ alpha$) were expressed in E. coli and site-directed mutagenesis was used to define the residues required for biotinylation by the bacterial biotin ligase, BirA. These experiments showed that the biotin region …  Lire la suite