McGill University Thèses et mémoires publiés en 1996

van de Voort, F. R. (Supervisor)  Lire la suite

Suspensions of rod-like cellulose microcrystallites, 50-250 nm in length and $ sim$7 nm in width, and with negatively charged sulfate groups on the surface have been prepared. When the concentration of cellulose microcrystallites exceeds a critical value, the suspension separates into two phases, forming an upper isotropic phase and a lower chiral nematic anisotropic phase. The critical concentration for phase separation is very sensitive to the ionic strength, particle size, polydispersity of particles, counterion species, and preparation conditions. When the suspension is in pure water and in the biphasic region, the coexisting concentrations in both phases increase with the increase …  Lire la suite

The effects of activation of protein kinase C (PKC) on intermediate filaments (IFs) of different cell types were investigated. In primary cultures of murine or rabbit spinal cord, or human fibroblasts, brief exposure to activators of PKC led to the following changes in IFs: (1) Disassembly of GFAP-filaments in astrocytes and of vimentin in fibroblasts and fragmentation of the neurofilament (NF) network in neuronal cell bodies (occurred within 30 minutes). The distribution of PKC isoforms was investigated in these cell types and no IF-associated isoform was found. Disassembly of IFs may be explained by direct phosphorylation of N-terminal domains of …  Lire la suite

The effects of activation of protein kinase C (PKC) on intermediate filaments (IFs) of different cell types were investigated. In primary cultures of murine or rabbit spinal cord, or human fibroblasts, brief exposure to activators of PKC led to the following changes in IFs: (1) Disassembly of GFAP-filaments inastrocytes and of vimentin in fibroblasts and fragmentation of the neurofilament (NF) network in neuronal cell bodies (occurred within 30 minutes). The distribution of PKC isoforms was investigated in these cell types and no IF-associated isoform was found. Disassembly of IFs may be explained by directphosphorylation of N-terminal domains of IFs by …  Lire la suite

Murphy, B. (Supervisor)  Lire la suite

Canada's fragmented, provincially-based securities regulatory system is facing domestic and international pressures to become more coherent and efficient. This paper outlines various factors and proposals, concluding that the system must become nationally-based, but only if the change is properly planned, implemented and administered. There should be uniform (or, at least, coordinated) legislation, with federal and provincial joint delegation to a single commission. Interprovincial coordination must improve before, during and after the change. While feasibility requires most provinces to participate, the scheme should not be rejected if unanimity is lacking. Although important, regional autonomy cannot be allowed to outweigh national authority. …  Lire la suite

This project explores the question of gay male identity and community formation in relation to the production of social space designated as "gay." What economic, social, political and symbolic resources are involved in the production of gay space? And how can social space be thought of as creating the conditions of possibility for the formation of specific gay identities and communities? Using a "production of space" analysis adapted from the work of Henri Lefebvre, I examine the case of Montreal's gay village. I argue that the emergence of this space, in both material and symbolic terms, has led to a …  Lire la suite

The interactions between the atmosphere and the oceans play a critical role in determining our climate. These generally consist of various exchanges of heat, mass and momentum between the two media through the air-sea interface. Therefore, the physical state of the upper few meters of the oceans influences the rate at which these exchanges take place. Furthermore, these surface waters are of importance in affecting the primary biological production of the seas. In this context, knowledge of the upper-layer monthly averaged thermohaline state, i.e. temperature (T) and salinity (S) as a function of latitude-longitude and depth, is necessary for further …  Lire la suite

Arsenic extraction and immobilization from hydrometallurgical solutions and effluents is usually achieved by ferric arsenate precipitation. An alternative vehicle is proposed in the form of crystalline ferric arsenate, or the mineral scorodite (FeAsO$ sb4$.2H$ sb2$O). The precipitation of scorodite from sulphate-based effluents at ambient pressure (95$ sp circ$C) was investigated using a supersaturation controlled precipitation technique. This technique has been used to precipitate scorodite from chloride-based solutions. Test work using NaOH showed that amorphous ferric arsenate precipitation was avoided even at very high supersaturation levels ($>$70). This was in sharp contrast with the results obtained in the chloride system (supersaturation …  Lire la suite

The cardiac action potential is generated and regulated by currents through various ion channels. Ion channels are membrane-spanning proteins involved not only in the conduction of electrical impulses but also in the control of cell homeostasis such as cell volume to maintain normal physiological conditions. While chloride (Ct) channels have been found to be present in the plasma membrane of most cells, the role of these channels in cardiac physiology is poorly understood. Since the discovery of a cAMP-activated Cl· current (lcI.cAMP) in heart in 1989, renewed interest in cardiac Cl- channels has emerged. […]  Lire la suite

Mesure, dimension et complexité sont des notions liées et leur apparentement s'avère important tant au niveau pratique que théorique. Les mesures pour les courbes du plan peuvent inclure leur longueur, le nombre de composantes, ou l'aire couverte. En géométrique différentielle, les courbes planes sont caractérisées comme étant une application de l'intervalle au plan. En topologique, elles sont caractérisées comme un espace de Hausdorff avec certaines propriétés de dénombrement. Aucune de celles-ci ne capture vraiment l'essence de ces courbes en vision cependant, c'est-à-dire qu'elles puissent représenter des objets simples, comme un segment de droite, ou des objets compliques, comme un paquet …  Lire la suite

Baines, Malcolm G. (Supervisor)  Lire la suite

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of a Maternity Cooperative Care Program (MCCP) on the prevalence of maternal and infant complications, maternal competence, social support, stress, and first-time-mothers' descriptions of their postpartum experience. Forty-one healthy, primiparous mothers who participated in a MCCP and forty-three healthy, primiparous mothers who received traditional maternity care were asked to complete the Perceived Competence Questionnaire, the Personal Resource Questionnaire, "The Help I Get" Questionnaire (spousal support), and three numerical rating scales relating to stress in general, as well as self- and infant-care stress 24-48 hours postpartum while in hospital and over …  Lire la suite

The sertao of northeast Brazil is a semiarid region characterized by recurring droughts. The vastness of the area (650,000 km$ sp2)$ poses a challenge to the effective monitoring of the impacts of drought at a scale that would be useful to the inhabitants of the sertao. Remote sensing data provide a viable way of assessing the extent and nature of drought across the landscape. The work present a more effective algorithm to estimate rainfall from both the cold and warm cloud types present. Using a decision-tree methodology, the analysis yields rainfall estimates over the 0-21 mm range. Because seasonal variations …  Lire la suite

Multiple carboxylase deficiency (MCD) results from a decreased activity of holocarboxylase synthetase (HCS) which is responsible for the biotinylation of the four biotin-dependent carboxylases found in humans. The disease can be treated with pharmacologic doses of oral biotin (biotin-responsiveness). The cDNA for HCS contains a biotin-binding domain deduced by analogy with the sequence and crystal structure of the E. coli BirA biotin ligase. E. coli birA$ sp-$ mutations causing biotin-auxotrophy all localize to this region. Of six point mutations I have identified in MCD patients, four localize to the biotin-binding region. In order to assess the HCS activity associated with …  Lire la suite

Berama, Laura (Supervisor)  Lire la suite

A theoretical model was developed to predict the air distribution pattern and thus to design perforated ventilation ducts equipped with a fan. The analysis of the air distribution pattern of such systems requires accurate measurement procedures. Several experimental methods were tested and compared. Accordingly, the piezometric flush taps and thermo-anemometer were selected to measure respectively the duct air pressure and the outlet air flow. Based on the equations of energy and momentum conservation, a model was formulated to predict the air flow performance of perforated ventilation ducts and to evaluate the outlet discharge angle and the duct regain coefficients without …  Lire la suite

This thesis establishes a framework for analysing and evaluating human rights within the contexts of global, African-Islamic and Sudanese cultural diversity. The normative impact of culture on international human rights is viewed from the perspective that culture is adaptive and flexible. African-lslamic culture, as exemplified by the Sudan, is no exception. The first part of this thesis advances a theoretical framework for recognition of cultural diversity and its impact on human rights. Recognition of change as an integral part of culture is vital for a successful mobilisation of internal cultural norms to the support of international human rights. An important …  Lire la suite

This thesis introduces active database concepts to a relational database system. Event handlers are introduced as user defined procedures. An event is the procedure call by the system, triggered in our case by an update statement. Event handlers for the Relix (Relational database on UNIX) update statement have been implemented. These event handlers are of two types: the first type is that which runs before an update statement. The second type runs after an update statement. Also, event handlers have states. An event handler can be either active or inactive. Event handlers are executed when they are in the active …  Lire la suite

The complexes CpRu(PPh$ sb3)$(L)SR (Cp=$ eta sp5$-cyclopentadienyl; R=CMe$ sb3,$ CHMe$ sb2,$ 4-$ rm C sb6H sb4Me)$ reacted with NOBF$ sb4$ to give either (CpRu(PPh$ sb3)$(NO)SR) BF$ sb4$ (L=PPh$ sb3)$ or complexes containing disulfide ligands (L=CO). The bisphosphine complexes, CpRu(PPh$ sb3) sb2$SR, reacted with HBF$ sb4$ to give the corresponding thiol complex salts (CpRu(PPh$ sb3) sb2$(HSR)) BF$ sb4$ and with (MeSSME$ rm sb2 rbrack BF sb4$ to give (CpRu(PPh$ sb3) sb2$(SMe$ sb2)$) BF$ sb4$ regardless of the starting thiolates. The complexes CpRu(PPh$ sb3) sb2$SR reacted with the sulfur transfer agent MeSphth (phth=phthalimido) to give CpRu (PPh$ sb3) sb2$(phth) and the dimers …  Lire la suite

In this thesis, we consider the problem of dynamic load balancing for parallel discrete event simulation. We focus on the optimistic synchronization protocol, Time Warp. A distributed load balancing algorithm was developed, which makes use of the active process migration in Clustered Time Warp. Clustered Time Warp is a hybrid synchronization protocol; it uses an optimistic approach between the clusters and a sequential approach within the clusters. As opposed to the centralized algorithm developed by H. Avril for Clustered Time Warp, the presented load balancing algorithm is a distributed token-passing one. We present two metrics for measuring the load: processor …  Lire la suite

A new plasma fluid bed process to replace the present electric arc furnace for the production of calcium carbide has been studied. A thermodynamic analysis predicted that the solid phase reaction would be complete at 2150 K and that the plasma process could lower the energy consumption by up to 40%. A semi-batch fluid bed reactor with a DC plasma torch was used for the study. Calcium oxide powder with a mean particle size of 170 $ mu$m was reacted with two types of graphite, coke and methane. Argon was used to initiate the plasma and hydrogen gas was then …  Lire la suite

Experimental and numerical investigations of laminar natural convection and interfacial heat flux distributions in pure water-ice systems are presented. The main goals are: (i) Resolution of several issues related to steady, two-dimensional, laminar natural convection in pure water near its density inversion temperature; and (ii) development, testing, and demonstration of a nonintrusive experimental/numerical method for the determination of interfacial heat flux distributions in steady, two-dimensional, pure water-ice systems. Attention was found on pure water and water-ice systems contained in a long cylindrical enclosure of square cross-section. One wall was maintained at a constant temperature equal to or less than $0 …  Lire la suite

Optic flow is the changing array of light that is reflected from objects in the environment and is projected on the retinae during motion. Speed gradients are a natural component or optic flow and they are the result of the relative ordering of objects in depth. It has been proposed that speed gradient information may signal the direction and speed of self-motion as well as the three-dimensional structure of the environment. The dorsal region of the medial superior temporal area of the visual cortex, or MSTd, is believed to be the neuronal basis for the analysis of optic flow and …  Lire la suite

The categorical perception paradigm was used to compare French/English bilinguals' and French and English monolinguals' categorization of code-switched words. A previous study by Burki-Cohen et al. (1987) showed that bilinguals' categorization of a cross-language continuum that varied from a French word to an English word was different when the words were presented in the context of a French or an English carrier phrase. Using the same stimuli the present study examined whether the effects of base language (i.e. the carrier phrase) are due to processing specific to bilinguals or are mediated by general phonetic or auditory processes. Results showed that …  Lire la suite

The proliferation dynamics in vitro of the obligate intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani was studied for 14 days in resting monolayers of peritoneal macrophages of C57BL/6 $(Lsh sp{ rm s})$ mice inoculated with 5, 50, or 500 promastigotes/cell. Irrespective of the inoculum, only 50 to 65% of the cells became infected initially; only 3 to 6 amastigotes were present in each macrophage initially, suggesting a limited number of parasite ligands on the host cell. The amastigotes did not divide in the first 3 or 4 days after infection and then they actively proliferated from day 5 to day 8; the …  Lire la suite

Several equivalent approaches to power domains are presented: the naturality of this concept for denotational semantics is stressed and its modal interpretation is explained. We show how to solve equations involving power domains and apply the theory to an equation that leads to a characterization of bisimulations. Power locales are introduced, as the analogue of both power domains and power spaces. We study the monads defined by the power locales, their algebras and the points of the power locales.  Lire la suite

Evidence on comparative quality of life and housing of Italians at origin, and emigrants in two destinations was gathered from field research, and from three surveys: one, of residents of the town of origin (n = 153), Larino, in the province of Campobasso, and the other two, of residents of major destinations of Larinesi emigrants--Montreal (n = 118), and Milano (n = 73). The main working hypothesis was tested that the best quality of life is found among emigrants living in Montreal. The research also explicated the historical connection between policies of migration and housing concerns in Canada and in …  Lire la suite

Dene women are leading and directing efforts toward "healing" themselves, their families, and their communities. Employing a modality of montage and storytelling, this thesis explores this enigmatic concept of "healing" among Dene, and its gendered dimensions, in the community of Fort Good Hope, Northwest Territories. This account challenges the limitations of a resistance-hegemony paradigm often used to describe Aboriginal actions as embedded within colonial relations, and endeavours toward a more nuanced analysis which explores Dene "healing" beyond the colonial space. "Healing" is emerging as a vehicle for the assertion and celebration of Dene identity, Dene tradition and "Dene ways". This …  Lire la suite

Previous studies of modulation transfer function (MTF), noise power spectrum (NPS), and detective quantum efficiency (DQE) of metal-plate/film portal detectors have been performed on limited combinations of front and back metal-plates. We report on these parameters for an extensive set of forty-nine front-back metal-plate combinations. The portal detector consists of a double emulsion RP (Kodak localization therapy) film placed between metal-plates: Al, Cu, brass and Pb of thicknesses varying from 0.30 to 4.80 mm. Radiation sources included a Theratron Co-60 unit, and a Varian Clinac-18 linear accelerator delivering a polyenergetic 10 MV X-ray spectrum. In terms of the absolute efficiency …  Lire la suite

This study evaluates the hypothesis that medical reasoning in real clinical situations involves multiple cognitive tasks whose complex interactions are coordinated in an opportunistic manner. A problem-solving architecture originating from research in artificial intelligence, the blackboard model, is proposed as an integrative framework for representing these characteristics of situated medical reasoning and for reconciling different theoretical perspectives about medical reasoning. A naturalistic clinical situation, involving the manipulation of the patient record by an internist while managing a case, provides the empirical data for this in depth qualitative case study. The video recording of the subject's record manipulation behavior allows the …  Lire la suite

Cemented rockfill, CRF, is comprised of sized aggregate mixed with various types and amounts of binder materials. This type of fill with closely controlled specifications is employed for subsequent pillar recovery and improved ground support. The goal of this study is to improve consolidated rockfill design for bulk mining methods, with Kidd Creek Mines, KCM, as a case study, from a functional and cost point of views. Cemented rockfill at KCM represents approximately 20% of the total extraction costs. Cost cutting initiatives however have to be mindful of the negative if not disastrous effects on grade, recovery, and ground stability …  Lire la suite

The control of B lymphocyte production in bone marrow is of central importance in maintaining a supply of new B cells for primary humoral immune responses throughout life, while its perturbation may underlie states of immunodeficiency, neoplasia and autoimmunity. Molecules expressed by developing B cells and stromal cells within bone marrow, as well as systemic factors, may all play key roles in regulating proliferation and survival of precursor B cells in bone marrow. Candidate regulatory molecules investigated in the present work include surrogate light chains (SL) of immunoglobulin (Ig) expressed intracellularly by precursor B cells before and during the synthesis …  Lire la suite

Maple sap was successfully transformed into maple syrup and maple syrup products by evaporation of water by microwave heating. Pulsed power supply with duty cycles of 100%, 75% and 60% were used for the microwave application. The dielectric properties of maple syrup at different moisture contents during the process were determined at 25$ sp circ$C. The products obtained were of excellent quality and were comparable to the highest grade prescribed by the industry. Pulsed power supply was found to have better efficiency of heating, but it increased the total time required for the process. The total time was also found …  Lire la suite

Adrenal glands from five species of South African antelope; cape eland (Taurotragus o.oryx), gemsbok (Oryx g.gazella), southern greater kudu (Tragelaphus s.strepsiceros), red hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus caama), springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis hofmeyri), were collected from 43 trophy-hunted males for histology and corticosteroid analysis. The gross anatomy of the adrenal glands are species-specific, with the left gland being most variable. There were differences found in the number of cortex capsular layers and zona glomerulosa between species. Extensive capsular trabeculae penetrates deep into the cortex in only the largest antelope, i.e. eland and gemsbok, and are representative of these species. In all species the …  Lire la suite

This report presents the results of a laboratory investigation of the influence of the corrosion process on the flexural capacity such as strength, deflection and steel and concrete strains in reinforced concrete beams. Examination of the behaviour of crack development was also examined. Fourteen simply supported concrete beams were cast and subjected to two third point concentrated loads, increased monotonically until failure. The strength, strain and crack development data were recorded to assess the corrosion rate and its effect on the steel bars. An electrochemical system was used to achieve the different corrosion levels. The specimens were immersed in a …  Lire la suite

Chicken genomic DNA containing 5 kb of the 5$ sp prime$ end of the growth hormone (GH) receptor gene and 12 kb of the region up-stream was cloned and a restriction map was constructed. Using subcloned fragments as probes, a HindIII polymorphism was detected in both egg layer and in meat-type chickens. This polymorphic site was mapped at 7 kb up-stream of the coding region of the GH-receptor gene and a PCR assay for the polymorphism was developed to facilitate genotyping of large numbers of chickens. Alleles of the GH-receptor gene and the GH gene were analyzed for association with …  Lire la suite

This thesis summarily examines the concepts of moment, momentariness (ksanikavada) and impermanence (anitya) in Indian Buddhism, especially in the influential treatises produced by Vasubandhu (fifth century A.D.) An expose of impermanence and momentariness is at once a fair picture of the religious philosophy that mostly was Indian Buddhism--a religion appropriate on the philosophical level.  Lire la suite

A hypothetical mechanism for the loss of papermaking and printing potential of recycled paper is the adsorption and entrapment of molecules of low surface energy such as oil and soap, on the wood fibers during recycling. A sensitive technique to quantify the retention of contaminants on the pulp is to follow the dynamics of retention of a concentration pulse generated at the entrance (breakthrough curve, BTC) of a packed bed of fibers. Using this technique, we showed that sodium salts of fatty acids undergo ion-exchange with the calcium present in the pulp. Soap prepared by mixing equimolar amounts of sodium …  Lire la suite

Psychological mindedness refers to a person's ability to perceive relationships among thoughts, feelings, and action with the goal of learning the meanings and causes of his/her experiences and behavior. Psychological mindedness is clinically important because it influences the patient selection for and the efficacy of psychotherapy. Individuals who have difficulty symbolizing and resolving emotional conflict, and verbally expressing their emotions, are considered to lack psychological mindedness and are sometimes labelled "alexithymic." Culture also influences individual styles of emotional expression and the manner and extent to which feelings are labelled as such. Such cultural differences may be interpreted as differences in …  Lire la suite

A novel process to efficiently produce anhydrous, oxide free MgCl 2 feed to a magnesium electrolysis cell is presented and examined in this thesis. The process involves reducing MgCl2 activity within a fused salt mixture via complexation and reacting any contaminating oxides that are mostly MgO with HCl(g). This process would not be possible nor economical if the MgCl2 activity was not reduced via complexation. This system is modeled here by treating the complexation as decreasing the MgCl2 activity coefficient in a fused salt mixture. The chlorination was modeled thermodynamically using recently published thermodynamic data presented by Thompson et al. …  Lire la suite

The strict divisions of city spaces created by physical urban planning disintegrated under transformations of capitalism and its accompanying crises of overaccumulation, social urban planning was elaborated to more effectively control the capitalist city and to reintegrate the increasingly blighted areas of the once popular amusements into the economy. This disciplined reintegration, unsuccessfully attempted in New York City's Times Square since the late 1920s. is finally being realized by the redevelopment forces that began shaping the city's spatial practices in the wake of the fiscal crisis of 1975. The development projects undertaken in midtown Manhattan following the recovery from the …  Lire la suite

This dissertation is a recension of the thesis of Harry J. McSorley on Luther. We pay special attention to some of the reactions that the book of McSorley published in 1969; that is Luther Right or Wrong? An Ecumenical Theological Study of Luther's Major Work, The Bondage of The Will has given rise to, either positively or negatively. Then we put McSorley vis-a-vis his critics, and we try the most possible to create a dynamic dialogue between them. After showing some of the reactions to the thesis of McSorley, and after presenting the thesis itself, we try to answer our …  Lire la suite

The physics of oil and petroleum evaporation are investigated. Literature on oil spill evaporation shows that most workers use boundary-layer equations adapted from water evaporation work. These equations predict a constant evaporation mass-transfer rate, dependent on scale size and wind speed. Evaporation was studied further by measuring evaporation of commercial oil products. An experimental apparatus for the study of evaporation was developed. Evaporation was determined by weight loss measured on a balance and recorded constantly on a computer. Examination of the data shows that most oil and petroleum products evaporate at a logarithmic rate with respect to time. This is …  Lire la suite

The project describes the development and standardization of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator into the Greek language. Statistical properties of the Greek version were comparable to those of the original American version providing evidence of its adequacy as a psychometric tool. The comparison of the distribution of types of Greek university students (N = 946) with that of French Canadians, and Americans showed a preference for "thinking" and "perceiving". Further, gender associated preferences for thinking and feeling evident in the American and French Canadian norms were also present in the Greek data.  Lire la suite

In this work, I will be looking at the cross-linguistic restrictions on coda position, especially with regard to sonority and place. I propose that these restrictions can be best captured if we acknowledge two types of constraints; those which restrict the licensing ability of codas, as well as those which set out a relationship between a coda and a following onset. I show that in allowing for this distinction, the contrast between the restrictions on word-internal codas and word-final ones falls out straightforwardly. This study is carried out in the framework of Optimality Theory, but the basic claims are expected …  Lire la suite

We studied the effect of Trichuris trichiura on growth in a randomized, double-blind trial in which 508 Mexican children (2 to 10 years) with asymptomatic infections were randomized to one of 3 medication regimes that were selected to differ in efficacy against Trichuris: a single II mg/kg dose of pyrantel pamoate (low efficacy), a single 400 mg dose of albendazole (moderate efficacy) and 3 daily 400 mg doses of albendazole (high efficacy). All three treatment regimes are effective against a range of parasites, and conventional wisdom at the start of the trial was that asymptomatic Trichuris infection is harmless and …  Lire la suite

Background. There are two specific scales designed to assess neck pain. They have weaknesses and limited assessment. A Functional Cervical Scale (FCS) based on neck disorders disability was developed after literature review and consultation with patients and medical specialists. Thirty-two items were tested. Study design. Two hundred and ten patients with neck pain answered the FCS and other questionnaires on work, medication intake and quality of life. Another copy of the FCS was mailed to the subjects who had to return it in a pre-stamped envelope. Methods. Item selection analyses were done. Test-retest and internal consistency were calculated to assess …  Lire la suite

Many low molecular weight chlorinated organic compounds produced by the pulp and paper industry during kraft bleaching of the wood pulp are toxic. Mass balance studies suggest that mineralization of chlorinated organics is occurring in pulp and paper mill wastewater treatment systems. To understand the nature of dechlorination activity, molecular tools such as oligonucleotide primers and corresponding DNA probes were developed to monitor the presence of microorganisms possessing key genes (dehalogenases) responsible for the degradation of chloroaliphatic organics in kraft pulp mill effluent treatment systems. Oligonucleotide primers designed from the coding sequence of known dehalogenases and a methane monooxygenase gene, …  Lire la suite

It is indeed strange that the Assembly of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), composed of all the present 183 member States, should have no powers in connection with the principal functions of the Organization (that is, the formulation of Standards and Recommended Practices); nor any over the appointment and creation of the Organization's principal officers and sub-organs. Stranger still is the fact that even the little and insignificant powers that this Assembly might possess can be easily and constitutionally/conventionally "usurped", or interfered with, by the limited 33-member Council of the Organization. Much more puzzling is the fact that this …  Lire la suite