McGill University Thèses et mémoires publiés en 1998

We propose a model based on a Ginzburg-Landau approach to study a strain relief mechanism at a free interface of a non-hydrostatically stressed solid, commonly observed in thin-film growth. The evolving instability, known as the Grinfeld instability, is of high technological importance. It can be associated with the dislocation-free island-on-layer growth mode in epitaxy which is an essential process used in the semiconductor industry. In our model, the elastic field is coupled to a scalar order parameter in such a way that the solid supports shear whereas the liquid phase does not. Thus, the order parameter has a transparent meaning …  Lire la suite

The ability of several microorganisms to degrade polyethylene thermolysis residue was investigated. This residue is mainly comprised of n-alkanes and n-1-alkenes ranging in chain length of 15 to 45 carbon units and therefore resembles crude oil. The microorganisms investigated were: Y. lipolytica ATCC 8662, Y. lipolytica ATCC 20460, A. paraffineus ATCC 19558, P. aeruginosa PAO1, P. putida ATCC 12633, R. rhodochrous ATCC 21766 and Rhodococcus sp. ATCC 29671. It was found that all seven microorganisms tested were able to degrade the polyethylene thermolysis residue. Results suggest that R. rhodochrous produced a biosurfactant when growing on the polyethylene thermolysis residue. It …  Lire la suite

Batch soil washing experiments were used to evaluate the feasibility of using biosurfactants for the removal of heavy metals from a contaminated soil and sediments. Surfactin from Bacillus subtilis, rhamnolipids from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and sophorolipid from Torulopsis bombicola were evaluated using a soil contaminated with hydrocarbon and metals (890 mg/kg zinc, 420 mg/kg copper, 12.6% oil and grease) and metal contaminated sediments (110 mg/kg copper, 3300 mg/kg zinc). Although water alone removed insignificant levels of metals, results showed that the biosurfactants could remove 5% of the zinc (with 12% rhamnolipid) and 19.5% of the zinc (with 4% sophorolipid with 0.7% …  Lire la suite

Zawadzki, Isztar (Advisor)  Lire la suite

The process of European integration has had an impact on the cultural patterns of the Member States but it is not inevitably eroding national identities. By analysing the way in which the ability of the Member States to pursue a national language policy is restricted by the free movement principles and by analysing the cultural action taken at the supranational level it is argued that the European Community is genuinely committed to protecting and maintaining its cultural diversity. However, the political sensitivity which surrounds any impingement of national cultural sovereignty coupled with the fact that the objective of European integration …  Lire la suite

The development of the translation movement in Islamic history was a long, intricate movement which encompassed a large number of people over a long period of time. It is the objective of this paper to assess the historical setting which gave rise to this movement as well as to evaluate why it was embraced. Moving onward, the paper will then move to a more detailed examination of six translators, in an effort to evaluate their contribution to the movement. While doing this, an inventory will be conducted of the works which were translated in the three disciplines of astrology, philosophy, …  Lire la suite

This study investigates the principles of interpretation in Tanwir al-Miqbas min Tafsir Ibn `Abbas, focusing on its approach and method, sources and points of view. To accomplish this purpose, both historical and literary analysis are employed. Nevertheless, this study does not attempt to resolve the well-known dispute over its authenticity or ascription. Like other Qur'anic commentaries produced in the classical period, Tanwir al-Miqbas relies heavily on philological analysis in the sense that it provides an interpretation of Qur'anic verses based on their literal meaning and in very simple terms. Similarly, it employs sources that were commonly used in classical tafsir, …  Lire la suite

The objective of this study was to determine if teaching the new sugar guidelines, which now permit up to 10% of energy from added sugars, would modify dietary habits, metabolic control and perceived quality of life in free-living subjects with type 2 diabetes. In an eight month randomized controlled trial, 48 subjects with type 2 diabetes were taught, by a trained dietitian, either a conventional diabetic meal plan: conventional group (C) or one in which they could integrate the new sugar guidelines: sugar group (S). Patients were seen at the clinic every 2 months (total of 5 visits) by the …  Lire la suite

Microwave radio links, operating in the millimeter wave region, must account for the effects of rain when considering transmission loss. In this work, a theoretical model is used to generate the specific attenuations based on perturbation theory with spheroidal or Pruppacher-Pitter raindrop shapes, and Marshall-Palmer or Weibull drop size distributions. The specific attenuation is fitted to the power law relation with rain rate and the parameters are used in a two-component rain rate model in order to estimate the attenuation along the path. The theoretical model is simulated and compared to the ITU and Crane prediction methods. Both moderate and …  Lire la suite

This study examines the meaning of home for 19 Hindu Gujarati immigrant women living in the Montreal suburban municipality of Dollard-des-Ormeaux. Adopting a qualitative approach, this study redefines home as a multiple and dynamic concept, referring not only to the house but also the homeland, neighbourhood, cultural community and even the abstract feeling of belonging or being 'at home.' While this study concentrates on the women's present homes and neighbourhoods, the idea of the home as being reinvented across a variety of spaces and social relationships is a central theme. Home-making is argued to be an evolving social process that …  Lire la suite

In the B6.YTIR mouse strain, half of the XY progeny develop bilateral ovaries and the female phenotype. These XY females are infertile mainly due to the death of their embryos. This developmental failure has been attributed to a defect intrinsic to the XY oocyte. The present study examined the transcriptional activity of the X and Y chromosomes in these oocytes. RT-PCR results show that the Ube1y gene is transcribed in the XY ovary at all stages examined and also in growing XY oocytes. The Sry gene was transcribed only at the onset of ovarian differentiation whereas the Zfy gene was …  Lire la suite

Wood, Elizabeth (Advisor)  Lire la suite

This study traces the complex development of a relatively "minor" pan-Indian deity---Hayagriva---who, by the 14th century C.E., is revered as a full form of the Supreme Lord Viṣṇu in the Sri Vaiṣṇava tradition of South India. From the perspectives of mythology, iconography, and ritual, the analysis examines both the diachronic and synchronic dimensions of the images of the deity corresponding to the three-fold division of Hindu texts: (1) pan-Indian "mainstream" (Vedas, Epics, Puraṇas), (2) pan-Indian sectarian (Agamas), and (3) regional sectarian (hymns of the Al̲vars and Sri Vaiṣṇava Acaryas). Firstly, the study questions the structural interpretation of Hindu mythology by …  Lire la suite

In the electrolytic production of zinc, cobalt is removed from zinc electrolyte by cementation with zinc dust Prior to electrowinning. Although the thermodynamics for this reaction are favourable, kinetic barriers to cobalt reduction render the method impractical unless activators such as antimony or arsenic in conjunction with copper are used. There is a large body of work studying the effect of these additives, yet the mechanism by which they act is still poorly understood. Moreover, regardless of the beneficial effect of the activators, from time to time the process fails to meet the target level of 0.1 mg/L cobalt in …  Lire la suite

The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important role in mammary gland development and function. Osteopontin (OPN), a secreted glycophosphoprotein, with several functional and structural properties of ECM proteins, is expressed at elevated levels during normal and pathologic development of the mammary gland and is present in milk. However, whether it plays any developmental role in the mammary gland is unknown. To investigate this possibility, transgenic AS-OPN mice were generated using a transgene expressing OPN antisense RNA under the control of the MMTV-LTR promoter/enhancer. The mammary glands of AS-OPN mice express low levels of OPN, compared to control littermates, show excessive …  Lire la suite

Frost, David L. (Advisor)  Lire la suite

Programmed cell death (apoptosis) is a fundamental process in multicellular organisms. The human proto-oncogene bcl-2 functions to suppress apoptosis and promote cell survival. It is the-most studied apoptotic regulator, yet the mechanism of action of this protein remains elusive. We have identified p28Bap31 as a Bcl-2 associating protein which also interacts with Bcl-XL. p28Bap31 is a polytopic integral membrane protein which resides primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum with an N lumen-Ccyto orientation. This orientation exposes the COOH-terminal leucine zipper overlapping with a weak death effector domain, flanked on either side by caspase cleavage sites, to the cytosol. In the absence …  Lire la suite

Geons are simple 3-D geometric primitives proposed by Biederman for object representation. The idea is to segment objects into an arrangement of simple geometric shapes. Objects represented by geons can be identified more easily since the many-to-one mapping of object recognition is reduced to the recognition of a small number of geons. In this project, a vision system is implemented for the search and recognition of geons. The vision system is composed of a colour camera and a laser range finder, and is mounted on a pan-tilt unit. The entire setup is mounted on a mobile robot. The task of …  Lire la suite

Self-cycling fermentation (SCF) control was applied to a semi-continuous, aerobic, fixed-film reactor for the treatment of simulated and real brewery wastewater. The simulated wastewater was treated at 25°C. After approximately 3 hrs, 86% to 96% of the soluble BOD (SBOD) was removed, producing an effluent with a SBOD between 169 mg/L and 412 mg/L. The treatment of real brewery wastewater was undertaken at 25°C and 35°C, and was operated under ammonia-nitrogen deficient condition. 83% to 92% of the total BOD (TBOD) was removed after 3 hrs at 25°C, and after 1.5 to 2 hrs at 35°C. The treated effluent produced …  Lire la suite

The effects of food availability and the presence of the parasite, Plagiorchis elegans, on the probability of Aedes aegypti preimagos to transform from one immature stage to the next over consecutive 24- or 48-hour periods of time were determined. Under conditions of low food availability, 24- and 48-hr transition probabilities of all larval instars, to the next were reduced. Increases in food availability reversed this process, causing significant decreases in same-stage transition probabilities. However, as transition to successive stages increased among first, second, third and fourth instars, there was concomitant significant increase in first and fourth preimago mortality. Addition of …  Lire la suite

The Interferon Regulatory Factors (IRFs) are a family of interferon-inducible proteins which play distinct roles in diverse processes such as pathogen response, cytokine signalling, cell growth regulation and hematopoietic development. The objective of this research was to investigate the mechanisms by which IRF-1 and IRF-2 regulate gene expression and cell growth. Structure-function analyses of the IRF-2 protein demonstrate that transcriptional repression by IRF-2 is contained within the first 125 N-terminal amino acids and correlates directly with IRF-2 DNA binding. Overexpression of functional IRF-2 deletion mutant proteins in NIH3T3 cells results in oncogenic transformation and tumorigenesis, suggesting that IRF-2 oncogenicity correlates …  Lire la suite

Westley, Frances (Supervisor)  Lire la suite

This thesis is an investigation of St. Petri Church via relevant drawings and photographs by Sigurd Lewerentz. It explores his design through the Lutheran liturgy and theology revealing possibilities of an architecture based on spiritual harmony and bodily experience. It is an attempt to view Lewerentz's architecture outside limitations of style---demonstrating his spiritual belief in a harmony between both visible and invisible elements of architecture, as well as the act of making architecture through the relationship between drawing and building. Seen in such a context Lewerentz's work at St. Petri points to valuable strategies for the practice of architecture today.  Lire la suite

This thesis synthesizes the development of a graphical user interface for multi-converter research facility using Visual C++ 4.0 and Microsoft Foundation Class library on Windows95 platform. The multi-converter research facility is used in flexible ac transmission system control. The design of the user interface follows the user-centered design philosophy. The main idea of the user-centered design is to produce the user interface for the convenience and efficiency of the user rather than the software designer. The user interface manages the data transfer between the hardware and user and allows the user to change the hardware settings via interactive dialogs. It …  Lire la suite

We examine complex fluid systems where both translational and conformational degrees of freedom are present and focus on systems in which the interplay between the two sets of degrees of freedom is manifested in the macroscopic phase behaviour. We develop an efficient random lattice algorithm describing the translational degrees of freedom and analyze a series of microscopic models defined on a two dimensional fluid surface. Different degrees of complexity in the description of the microscopic coupling between the translational and conformational degrees of freedom allow us to study a variety of models related to pure lipid membrane and lipid-sterol membrane …  Lire la suite

Reorganization of the intermediate filament (IF) network during axonal regeneration is accompanied by changes in the expression of various IF proteins. An increase in expression of the neuronal IF subunit gefiltin in goldfish retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) has been linked to the unique ability of the goldfish optic nerve to regenerate following injury. Evidence suggests that the optic tectum may regulate the expression of gefiltin during regeneration. The goal of this thesis was to determine the function of the tectum in the regulation of gefiltin mRNA expression during optic fiber regeneration in the goldfish. It was found that gefiltin mRNA …  Lire la suite

Elliptic curves have been a subject of much mathematical study since early in the past century. Recently, through the work of Koblitz and Miller, they have found application in the area of publickey cryptography. The basic reason is that, elliptic curves over finite fields provide an abundance of finite abelian groups which could be used as a basis for public-key cryptosystems. The objective of this thesis is to survey the field of elliptic curve public-key cryptography as it exists now, with an attempt to identify key ideas and contributions. We are particularly interested in elliptic curve cryptosystems defined over Zp …  Lire la suite

Social movement literature suggests that organizations espousing radical ideologies must develop bureaucratic structures in order to survive, changes which inevitably create an organization more concerned with self-maintenance than social transformation. In the Battered Women's Movement, some radical feminists argue that trends toward increased formalization and centralization in feminist collectives provide evidence that the movement has been coopted, and thus radical organizations seeking to challenge inequitable social structures have been transformed into more traditional social service agencies. This thesis examines one shelter for battered women which, due mainly to severe internal conflict, found it necessary to modify its structure from a …  Lire la suite

Genetics is concerned with inheritance, genomics with the study of genomes. Bioinformatics provides the tools to study the interface between the two. If a particular locus in the human genome could have 100 discrete alleles, then the genome (comprising an estimated 80,000 genes), could harbor 8 million different alleles. To record information about each of these alleles in a meaningful and systematic fashion is a task for the Mutation Database domain of bioinformatics. The HUGO Mutation Database Initiative is an international effort to capture, record and distribute information about variation in genomes. This initiative comprises a growing number of Locus-Specific …  Lire la suite

Phytosterols occur naturally in the non-saponifiable material of plant oils. Sitostanol, the saturated derivative of beta-sitosterol, is found in negligible concentrations in plant sources and, hence, is almost absent from typical Western diets. Tall oil extracts, on the other hand, contain about 20% (w/w) sitostanol. Phytosterols have been shown to lower plasma total cholesterol levels in animals and humans while sitostanol exhibited stronger reducing effects. Several studies have suggested that phytosterols lower plasma total cholesterol levels by either inhibiting cholesterol absorption or altering the activities of enzymes critical in cholesterol metabolism and excretion. However, results obtained demonstrate inconsistency regarding the …  Lire la suite

This thesis examines the views held by Muh&dotbelow;yi al-Din Ibn al-`Arabi on shari`ah, based for the most part on his magnum opus, al-Futuh&dotbelow;at al-Makkiyyah. It explores his attitude towards the shari`ah as practical religious law and his teachings concerning its sources and interpretation. Despite being misunderstood on account of his s&dotbelow;ufi background and his well-known criticism of the fuqaha' Ibn al-`Arabi's teaching, in fact, advocated a strict and consistent orientation to the shari`ah. This thesis shows how, on the one hand, his criticism of the jurists was due to their inability to achieve the high standards that he set for …  Lire la suite

This thesis studies al-Ghazali's theory of knowledge, particularly his concept of knowledge of God in his three later works: "The book of Knowledge" of the Ih&dotbelow;ya', al-Munqidh, and Iljam al-`Awamm. From his conception of knowledge of God the first book of the Ih&dotbelow;ya ', to his criticism of various approaches to attaining the knowledge of God in the Munqidh, to his assertion of the best method for attaining the knowledge of God in the Iljam, the aim of the current study is to find out which faculty of man's perception, according to al-Ghazali, is the most appropriate for accessing Divinity. …  Lire la suite

This inquiry involves two case studies that examine the beliefs of two selected ESL teachers in Zimbabwe teaching at the secondary school level. The study looks at the various nested contexts of the two case studies at the international, national, provincial, school and classroom levels with respect to Zimbabwe before and after independence in 1980. The analysis of the nested contexts aims to show how the various factors at the different levels impinge on the ESL instruction of the two teachers. The study adopts a naturalistic, classroom-based approach that allows for the holistic investigation of teacher-learner interactions in socially-situated cognitive …  Lire la suite

This qualitative interpretive inquiry investigates how mathematical meaning is constructed in a sixth grade classroom during one academic year in an English medium suburban school. Mathematical meaning is situated within Piaget's constructivist theory and Vygotsky's socio-cultural theory of the development of higher mental functions. Halliday's social theory of language use provides another theoretical framework for interpreting the daily interactions between the teacher and learners and among learners. Particular focus is on modality and the use of modal auxiliaries in teacher interrogative modals across the teaching of two strands, fractions and geometry. Data collected and analyzed includes 107 audio taped mathematics …  Lire la suite

How HIV-related disease and medication affect the capacity to metabolize drugs was investigated in 110 HIV-positive patients including 43 with AIDS. The probe drugs acetaminophen (APAP), dextromethorphan (DM), and caffeine were used to assess the in vivo activities of glucuronidation/sulphation, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 and N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2). Genotypes, determined using PCR-based amplification and restriction fragment length analysis, were assigned for the latter 2 polymorphic pathways. Forty-five patients comprised the longitudinal component of the primarily cross sectional study. Urinary analyses for probe drugs and their metabolites and the compiled medical and treatment histories of the subjects were effected. The distribution …  Lire la suite

When teachers initiate the process of student-kept portfolios in high school language arts, they draw upon implicit beliefs about knowledge, learning, and teaching. This study shows that why we use portfolios is as important as how we use them. I begin by exploring the century old history of teaching high school English wherein we can identify a contrast to portfolios, what we call traditional education. The ethical, classical, grammar based and non-academic traditions have shaped our definition of the subject, as well as the content. By examining where portfolios come from in the history of teaching English, we can then …  Lire la suite

Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) peroxidase cDNAs (FLXPER1--4) were isolated from a lambdagt10 shoot library using probes encoding the amino termini of class III plant peroxidases. These probes were obtained by PCR amplification of the library with lambda primers flanking the EcoRI cloning site, and a mixed oligonucleotide corresponding to the catalytic domain (HFHDCFV) found in secretory plant peroxidases. The transcriptional expressions of FLXPER1 and FLXPER2 appear to be specific to stem based on northern blot analyses. FLXPER1 and FLXPER2 encode acidic peroxidases of calculated isoelectric points (pIc) 4.6 and 4.7, respectively. However, FLXPER1 differs from FLXPER2 in amino acid sequence …  Lire la suite

A common wastewater treatment process practiced by zinc production facilities is the single-stage mixing of acidic wastewaters with slaked lime, inducing the reactive precipitation of fine (~1 mum) gypsum (CaSO4.2H 2O) and other solids with a solids density less than 10%. These solids report to a tailings pond for containment. Tailings pond life would be increased if the solids density of the precipitated solids was improved. Previous work at McGill University suggested that a staged neutralization process with solids recycle and seeded with gypsum would produce large-sized gypsum crystals with a high solids density. A continuous lab-scale process run with …  Lire la suite

Receveur, Olivier (Supervisor)  Lire la suite

The use of a biofungicide on the perfect stage of V. inaequalis on leaf litter is one potential way to reduce the number of fungicides used to control apple scab. The previous in vitro screenings of Quebec mycoflora have shown that several isolates are able to significantly reduce the primary inoculum of the pathogen. Among the screened fungi, P176A and P130A, reduced over 98% of the ascospore production and were as effective as Athelia bombacina. However, because in vitro tests are generally poor predictors of in vivo assays a re-evaluation of the antagonists was done under field conditions. Eight fungal …  Lire la suite

This thesis is concerned with the relationship between geopolitics and the emergence of a "nationalizing Canadian state" at the beginning of the twentieth century. Previous constitutional approaches and economic accounts are not sufficient to explain the emergence of a nationalizing Canadian state. All of these have been insightful, but like economic accounts of nationalism they ignore the larger realm of geopolitics. The literature on state formation has demonstrated that many factors stimulate state formation, but perhaps no other is as important as geopolitics. Geopolitics is concerned with diplomacy, arms, and territory. Such things are seldom discussed when writing about Canada. …  Lire la suite

This qualitative, interpretive research inquiry presents a multiple case study design that aims to describe, understand, and explain two primary teachers' pedagogical strategies for teaching social studies and their implementation of literacy events, in a Montreal French school (L1) and in a French immersion school (L2). Two teachers and their students were observed during all the 1992--1993 school year, as they taught social studies lessons. The contexts for the study are one grade 3--4 French classroom and one grade 3 French immersion classroom. We used ethnographic tools of inquiry such as participant observation, fieldnotes, audiotaped lessons, official documents, formal and …  Lire la suite

Rivard, Yvon (Advisor)  Lire la suite

In this thesis, changes in the regulation of the transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1) were used as markers to study altered gene expression in the conceptus after oxidative stress. Both experimental and clinical studies implicate oxidative stress in embryo malformation. In the conceptus, the tripeptide, glutathione, protects against oxidative stress. It exists in oxidised (GSSG) and reduced (GSH) forms, and the GSSG:GSH ratio is an important measure of oxidative stress. At the initiation of rat whole embryo culture we noted a transient increase in the GSSG:GSH ratio. This was associated with an increased AP-1 DNA binding activity and increased expression …  Lire la suite

Glutamate binding studies on membrane preparations from unselected and ivermectin-selected strains of the parasitic nematode of ruminants, Haemonchus contortus, indicated a single class of saturable, high affinity binding sites which are sensitive to ivermectin and exhibit different pharmacological characteristics from any known mammalian glutamate receptor. These studies showed that H. contortus larvae possess substantially more glutamate binding sites with lower affinity than adults. Moreover, selection with ivermectin was associated with an increase in the number of glutamate binding sites in adults and an increase in the affinity for glutamate binding in larvae. When investigating the effects of ivermectin on glutamate …  Lire la suite

This thesis compares growth and behaviour of domestic sows and piglets in confined pens versus get-away pens (where sows could leave their fitters at will), to ask whether parent-offspring conflict occurs, whether it increases with offspring age, whether it involves offspring access to the udder, and whether it affects animal production or welfare. Parent-offspring conflict occurs in domestic pigs: piglets of Confined sows suckled more and ate less solid food but grew at the same rate as piglets from Get-away sows, indicating they obtained more milk. Confined sows lost more weight than Get-away sows and returned to oestrus later, indicating …  Lire la suite

The Amba Dongar complex, India, consists of calciocarbonatite, ankerite-dominated ferrocarbonatite and numerous nephelinitic bodies intruded into Late Cretaceous quartz sandstones and Deccan basalts. Ankeritic (mottled) and calcite +/- barite +/- ankerite (multiphase) melt inclusions were observed in apatite hosted by calciocarbonatite. Mottled inclusions start melting at temperatures of 610°C and are completely molten at temperatures >800°C. The onset of melting, of multiphase inclusions, is at 680°C, and final melting occurs above 1100°C. Based an the coexistence of mottled (ankeritic) and multiphase (calcitic) inclusions, a model is proposed for the genesis of calciocarbonatite and ferrocarbonatite that calls upon separation of immiscible …  Lire la suite

The function of the normal cellular human prion protein (PrPC), a highly expressed protein of the brain, is presently unclear. Based on the amino acid sequence homology between PrPC, Bcl-2, and Bax proteins, we propose that PrPC may be implicated in modulating neuronal survival and death as a member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins. The present study investigates interactions between human PrPC, Bcl-2, and Bax in human primary foetal neurons as well as in, human foetal and adult brains by crosslinking and co-immunoprecipitation. The PrPC-Bcl-2 interaction was also tested by the yeast-two-hybrid system. Results indicate an interaction between PrPC …  Lire la suite

Life in a bidonville (poor urban slum) is portrayed in this study using the lens of learning. This contribution to the generally sparse literature and knowledge on communities in Haiti, discusses elements of informal and non-formal learning in this difficult context. The process of qualitative observation over the period of six months revealed many "community-based assets." These assets contributed to learning by providing spaces of calm, safety and respect, emerging from strong shared values of mutual assistance. In equal proportion, however, mawonaj (deceit or hiding the truth) and silence, as well as the social and cultural challenges of listening at …  Lire la suite

Intracellular calcium has been widely demonstrated as an important part of intracellular signalling pathways. Entry of calcium in cells has been shown to trigger a variety of processes such as contraction in smooth and skeletal muscle, release of neurotransmitter in neurons and activation of modifying proteins in most cells, which in turn will activate or deactivate other processes. For these reasons, calcium permeation through any ion-channel type, whether ligand or voltage-gated, expressed on the surface of a cell, might potentially influence the intracellular activities or status of that cell. Calcium permeation in muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors has long been shown …  Lire la suite