McGill University Thèses et mémoires publiés en 1998

In his Roman de la Rose, Guillaume de Lorris promises several times the revelation of the significance of his work, the senefiance. If the use of allegory by Guillaume does not elucidate the mystery of this senefiance, symbolic interpretation opens a gate in accordance with the time and the text. The dream as a framework signals a symbolic content and provides unity. In an orchard of geometrical proportions, truly edenic garden, the fountain of Narcisus, transformed in a fountain of Love by Cupido, is a mirror perilous, where the Rose will appear. It will confront the dreamer, the future Lover …  Lire la suite

While solid state NMR spectroscopy represents a versatile and widely applicable probe of molecular structure and behavior, the highly desirable goal of utilizing it to study surfaces of both bulk materials and thin films has, until recently, been limited by the insensitivity inherent to the procedure. This work examines and seeks to combine two approaches with which to overcome the problems arising from the physical restrictions of the Boltzmann distribution, which governs the NMR experiment. In the first part the bonding and dynamic properties of the highly popular self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are examined by multinuclear cross polarization magic angle spinning …  Lire la suite

Shifting cultures of recycled style: a history of second-hand clothing markets in Montreal draws a cultural history of the evolving circuits through which discards of the fashion system pass. The focus is on three manifestations of the market: the female-dominated charity circuits of the nineteenth-century into which the flow of used goods was redirected following the introduction of mass-produced garments; the revival of cast-off clothing's stylish potential by punk and grunge subcultures in their respective creations of a poverty aesthetic; and the more heterogeneously mainstream market of the late 1980s and 1990s operating within a consumer environment seeped in nostalgia. …  Lire la suite

This thesis relates fluvial morphology to those hydraulic conditions identified as being ideal for the rearing of juvenile Atlantic salmon. The suitability of flow depths and velocities were obtained from published habitat preference curves in order to compute the percent area (percent usable area - PUA) and average width (average usable width - AUW) of reaches providing ideal rearing habitat for juvenile Atlantic salmon at 2 typical summer discharge levels, in the Ste. Marguerite River. By dividing reaches into smaller, morphologic unit's, in order to make the conditions more uniform, it was noticed that the wetted width and the amplitude …  Lire la suite

The Saint-Esprit watershed project was initiated to address the issue of nonpoint source agricultural pollution and relies on the adoption of sustainable practices tested on-farm by willing farmers. To study the economic impact of an increasing erosion constraint at the farm and the watershed scales, four Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) models, corresponding to three selected farms and the watershed, were built. The models maximize the sum of field net margins subject to singleness of field use, animal nutrient requirements, and erosion. Scenario results show that increasing the erosion constraint: (1) reduces soil loss from agricultural production; (2) forces cropping …  Lire la suite

Caines, Peter (Supervisor)  Lire la suite

A two year field study was carried out in western Quebec to investigate methods of predicting and reducing NO3--N leaching. Corn (Zea mays L.) was planted on the expel site and them were four treatments: water table controlled at 600 mm and 120 kg/ha of N fertilizer (WT120), water table controlled at 600 mm and 200 kg/ha of N fertilizer (WT200), free drainage and 120 kg/ha of N fertilizer (FD120), and free drainage and 200 kg/ha of N fertilizer (FD200). Drain flow was monitored and water samples were taken and analyzed for NO3- -N. Soil NO3- levels were measured along …  Lire la suite

The normal isoform of the prion protein (PrPC) is a small cell-surface glycoprotein that is expressed predominantly in the brain as well as a wide variety of peripheral tissues. Although the involvement of an abnormal, protease-resistant isoform of the protein (PrPSc) in certain neurodegenerative diseases is clear, its normal function remains unknown. We investigated several aspects of prion protein biology to improve our understanding of the role it may play in both health and disease. We characterized the expression pattern of PrPC during human leukocyte maturation. We observed that prion protein is present on bone marrow stem cells and that …  Lire la suite

It is well established that stress will stimulate dopamine (DA) release in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). That NAcc DA transmission increases in response to stress is of interest given the postulated involvement of this transmitter in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. It has been speculated that hyperactivity of DA cells that innervate limbic regions, including NAcc, underlie the positive symptoms associated with this disease, including exaggerated responses to stress. Understanding the mechanisms by which stress can stimulate NAcc DA release, mechanisms which are currently unclear, thus has potential clinical implications. One likely source of influence on meso-NAcc DA function is the …  Lire la suite

This thesis examines the question of training for local "Third World" populations in community organization so that they may spearhead the community-based development process. In particular, it explores the issues of what training themes and activities can best prepare community organizers to participate in the development process. The research constitutes an actual 6-week training program for young rural Guatemalan women studying to become community leaders. As the field practice of the training, the students undertook a week-long community survey with women in four rural communities of Huehuetenango province. This thesis recounts the training and community survey experience and analyses it …  Lire la suite

Genetic variants of milk proteins result from amino acid substitutions or small fragment deletion in the polypeptide chain. It is well documented that certain variants are closely related to milk production, milk composition and physico-chemical properties of milk such as heat stability and coagulation properties during cheesemaking. So far, all the genetic variants have been characterized by various electrophoretic methods. Therefore, only variants involving differences in net charges could be identified. Silent variants are the results of amino acid substitutions or deletions which do not accompany charge differences and hence remain undetected by conventional electrophoretic methods. The objective of the …  Lire la suite

The malignant phenotype, by definition, is composed of two facets, consisting of the tumor's ability to proliferate as well as its ability to invade the surrounding normal tissue. We propose that in malignant gliomas the protein kinase C (PKC) family of enzymes, which has been shown to be overexpressed in these tumours, plays a pivotal role in both their proliferative and invasive capacity. In the first genes of experiments where the expression of the alpha isoform of PKC was significantly decreased following antisense oligonucleotide treatment, we were able to report the novel finding that this inhibition not only inhibits glioma …  Lire la suite

The advent of Ahmad Kasravi (1890--1946) and his Pakdini movement represents one of the most important developments in the history of socio-religious thought in Iran in the Pahlavi era (1925--1979). It was one of the greatest home-grown ideological challenges to Shi'ism and Shi'i clergy in the twentieth century. The present thesis aims to analyze Kasravi's religious ideology. It examines first the historical factors that played a significant role in the development of Kasravi's socio-religious consciousness and his keen interest in religion. Secondly, it explores the intellectual contexts of his religious thought---its origins, the controversial nature of it, the original aspects …  Lire la suite

The harvesting of a local bone graft from the lumber vertebral body adjacent to an anterior interbody fusion was suggested, to avoid secondary morbidity associated with iliac bone harvest. Instrumentation using a cannulated core drill was developed and assessed in an anatomic safety study. The biomechanical implications of plug removal were assessed in single vertebra and multisegment models. Plug removal using the tools developed was considered safe. The removal of a cylinder bone plug from the vertebral body affected flexion/compression load significantly. The yield strength of the vertebra could be restored effectively using the filler materials studied.  Lire la suite

The thesis explores the materiality of communication environment in Cyberspace illustrating both the problem of disembodied rationalism and the benefits of emphasizing the phenomenological sense of presence in virtual spaces. Interactive realism is offered as an approach to explain how our sense of embodied existence is supported and threatened in a technologically mediated situation. Language and other artifacts are tools with which we build social reality. In particular, metaphors are the rink between language and other, non-linguistic skills that shape our sense of self and reality. The metaphors of the computer as an electronic brain and of the networked computer …  Lire la suite

We report here the use of RAPD-PCR (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA - Polymerase Chain Reaction) to identify segregating loci in the haploid progeny of an Armillaria ostoyae basidiocarp and the construction of the first genetic linkage map of this fungus, one of the causal species of Armillaria Root Disease. Upon screening 75 RAPD primers, 18 were found to identify a total of 43 loci segregating with a 1 : 1 Mendelian ratio. These loci were analysed for linkage among 58 monospore progeny. The map constructed with Mapmaker (LOD = 3.0, r = 0.38) was confirmed by GMendel (LOD = 1.5, …  Lire la suite

Research on Japanese current foreign policy suffers from neglect of the influence of domestic factors on Japan's decisions and behaviour in world politics. The question of the nature of Japanese foreign policy needs to go beyond the exogenous cause of state behaviour in international affairs. The object of inquiry of this thesis is the influence of social factors on the orientation of Japan's foreign policy. The central concern is: "how" and "why" Japan behaves as it does in world affairs. This examination addresses the question of the interaction of endogenous and exogenous factors on the foreign economic policy of Japan, …  Lire la suite

Under cellulolytic conditions, the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor produces cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH), an enzyme with a number of biochemical properties that are potentially relevant to the degradation of lignin and cellulose. To clarify its biochemical properties, CDH was purified from cultures of T. versicolor. Two isoforms of CDH were found: a 97 kDa isoform with both heme and flavin cofactors, and an 81 kDa isoform with a flavin cofactor. Both isoforms of CDH were found to be quite non-specific in their reductive half reactions. The flavin enzyme catalyzed many of the same reactions as the heme/flavin enzyme, but less efficiently. …  Lire la suite

This thesis studies the human rights philosophy presented during the first productions of Shakespeare's plays, putting it in touch with that reflected in United Nations human rights law and the political theory of John Rawls. Its opening chapter discusses twentieth-century scholarship exemplary of the criticism relevant to human rights ideas in Shakespeare. The sixteenth-century historical context, so emphatically identified by historians with the institution of modern freedom, is kept in sight throughout, and provides, with the cultural context (especially the semantic context), the key to detailed explications, of four plays: King John, Much Ado About Nothing, Hamlet and All's Well …  Lire la suite

Changes in channel morphology in response to two flood events were measured within three reaches on the Sainte Marguerite River, Quebec. The first event was the spring freshet---peaking in mid-May, 1996---while the second event---peaking on July 20, 1996---was the largest flood on record for the region. The resultant channel adjustments can be classified as either bedform evolution---in which a clear, systematic pattern of adjustment is evident---or as bedform change, in which local hydraulic and sedimen tologic conditions produce a seemingly random pattern of channel mobilization. Where bedform evolution has occurred, it is consistent with the existing paradigm for meander development. …  Lire la suite

The vibrational spectra (IR, Raman) of (eta6-C 6H5CO2CH3)Cr(CO)3, (eta 6-C6H5CO2CH3)Cr(CO) 2(CS), [Pt(NH3)4][PtCl4] (MGS), [Pt(ND 3)4] [PtCl4] (MGS-D), [Pt(NH 3)4][PtBr4] (MGS-Br), ReH7(dppe) (dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane) and CpCo(C64H4) (Cp = cyclopentadiene) have been studied under pressures up to ~45 kbar. The magnitude and direction of the pressure-induced shift of the Raman-active nu(CO) and nu(CS) vibrational modes of (eta6-C6H 5CO2CH3)Cr(CO)3 and (eta6 -C6H5CO2CH3)Cr(CO) 2(CS) indicate an increase in the amount of pi-backbonding to the CO and CS ligands, under pressure, the increase being greater to the CO ligand than to the CS ligand. Wavenumber vs. pressure plots revealed a phase transition in both …  Lire la suite

The use of crop growth simulation models such asthose incorporated into Decision Support Systems for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) are useful tools for assessing the impacts of various management practices on crop productivity. The maize growth model of DSSAT is CERES-maize. To evaluate its predictive capability under western Quebec conditions, data on corn (Zea mays L.) yield and above-ground biomass were collected from a field-scale water table management experiment conducted during the 1996 and 1997 growing seasons at St. Emmanuel, Soulanges County, Quebec. The model was calibrated using various crop growth and development data observed during the 1996 growing season. Cultivar-specific …  Lire la suite

This study examined the effect of choristers' vocal production and seating arrangement on evaluations of choral blend and overall choral sound. Two singing modes were studied: (1) "soloistic" singing, in which choristers attempted to maintain normal solo vocal production; and (2) "blended" singing, in which choristers tried to maximize homogeneity of ensemble sound. Seating arrangements examined were: (1) random sectional seating, and (2) sectional seating according to "acoustic matching" of voices Crossing the 2 factors produced 4 experimental conditions. An ad hoc choir, composed of 22 university voice majors, was recorded singing 4 choral pieces under each experimental condition. Thirty-seven …  Lire la suite

Hussain, S. N. A. (Supervisor)  Lire la suite

The recent trend towards increasing the operating frequency of integrated analog processors while lowering the supply voltages results in a serious reduction of the dynamic range of the signals. To cope with those conditions, a new signal processing scheme has recently emerged known as "log-domain signal processing". Circuit realizations based on this scheme operate in current-mode and therefore have potential for high-frequency as well as low-voltage applications. This thesis proposes a versatile log-domain integrator structure which enables the synthesis of arbitrary and general filter topologies. The structure is verified through detailed mathematical analysis of two examples: The first one is …  Lire la suite

One of the major quality problems encountered in continuous casting is the formation of transverse cracks, which is partly due to the poor hot ductility of the cast steel. In this work, high temperature tensile testing is used to determine the hot ductility of a Nb-Ti and Ti-B microllayed steels. The influence of reheat treatment on hot ductility of the alloys is studied. In order to accomplish this task, steel specimens were reheated near the incipient melting temperature, and subsequently tensile tested to fracture at a strain rate typical of the unbending operation over a range of temperatures, in order …  Lire la suite

In recent years the disposal and the treatment of mine waste has been increasingly causing concern to the mining industry. One of the biggest challenges today is acid mine drainage (AMD), which is associated in particular with sulfide bearing tailings. As a consequence of AMD, heavy metals and sulfates are released into the environment. This project has studied the effect of lime-based treatments in the stabilization of two sulfide tailings, one waste predominately containing pyrite minerals and the second containing pyrrhotite minerals. Different proportions of pozzolans (fly ash and slag) were also added to the lime-tailings mixtures. The physical properties …  Lire la suite

Increasing levels of nitrate (NO3-) in groundwater have become a major environmental and health concern. In situations where NO3-concentrations in the soil-water system pose an environmental hazard, water table management may be a desirable practice to reduce such pollution. Careful management of N applications is also believed to reduce NO3- levels. A field experiment was conducted in 1996 and 1997 at St. Emmanuel, Quebec, about 30 km South-West of Macdonald Campus of McGill University, to investigate the effect of water table management (WTM) and N fertilizer combinations on potentially leachable NO3- and denitrification rates in the top soil layer (0--0.15 …  Lire la suite

A Cisplatin-resistant subline of a Human Ovarian cancer cell line, A2780 CP also exhibits cross resistance to 60Co gamma-radiation. Cellular Glutathione (GSH) levels were measured by the Tietze Spectrophotometric method. GSH levels in A2780 CP cells were approximately three time that of the parental A2780 cells. In cells depleted of GSH by L-Buthionine Sulfoximine (BSO), Cisplatin-resistance was significantly decreased in both cell lines. BSO had no effect on the radiation resistance of either cell lines. However treatment of cells with a combination of BSO and Dimethyl Fumarate (DMF) significantly decreased the radio-resistance in A2780 CP cells. The combination treatment had …  Lire la suite

There is scant research within educational literature on the nature of visual cognition, language, and expression in relation to cross-culturally driven socio-cognitive and socio-economic development. Indeed, the integrated, multi-disciplinarian approach needed to address the nature of this complex relationship is still being devised. This dissertation examines a community of artisans located in Kenya's remote western highlands. Over the past ninety years, the community has developed a unique soapstone carving cottage industry. This creative commercial response to the pernicious effects of Western acculturation has somewhat mitigated the severe environmental, demographic, and economic stresses being experienced by most other Gusii communities in …  Lire la suite

The thesis focuses on two letters written by Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz: The "Carta Atenagorica" (1690) and The "Respuesta a sor Filotea" (1691), as well as on the "Carta de sor Filotea de la Cruz a sor Juana Ines de la Cruz" (1690), written by Manuel Fernandez de Santa Cruz, bishop of Puebla. The "Respuesta a sor Filotea," inspired by the "Carta de sor Filotea," presents an elaborated defence of the "Carta Atenagorica" and the right to discuss theological principles that the author claims on her behalf. The thesis was inspired by the main theme of the "Respuesta …  Lire la suite

Rigid spargers are enjoying renewed interest in some flotation column applications such as de-inking of recycled paper and de-oiling of water. Sparger selection depends on the physical characteristics of the porous material, the liquid/slurry properties, and the dimensions of the column. There is no generally accepted method to select spargers for a given flotation column duty. A methodology for selecting stainless steel rigid spargers is proposed. The methodology is based on a target bubble size (db), gas holdup (epsilong), or bubble surface flux ( Sb). It combines two models: one for bubble formation at the sparger proposed by Kumar and …  Lire la suite

A three-dimensional, phenomenological, tensorial, isotropic, damage model is developed in the framework of continuum damage mechanics for materials whose behavior is governed by elastic deformation coupled with damage. The model was then extended to include isotropic damage for anisotropic materials, as well as rate-dependency behavior caused by damage evolution. The shortcomings of the commonly used scalar variable, as representative of isotropic damage are discussed. It is shown that isotropic damage is best represented by an isotropic tensor of rank four. The damage evolution equations are postulated using strain tensor invariants, based on decomposition of strain energy. The model simulates well …  Lire la suite

This thesis presents the experimental modelling of Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids transport in partially saturated with water sand using centrifuge tests, which were carried out at the Geotechnical Centrifuge facility located at Delft Technical University (The Netherlands). The experimentation consisted of a two-dimensional three-phase flow (air, water, Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids) in an unsaturated sand for two values of porosity. The Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids used in this research was a multigrade motor oil. The modelling of a two-dimensional flow and the use of a transparent strongbox enabled the direct observations of the experiments. Scaling laws developed in connection with …  Lire la suite

Questions about the role of the "informal sector" color much of the discussion of urban economic development in poor countries. Why is there an informal sector (and how to define it)? Are informal businesses stagnant or dynamic, and can they contribute to development? In the small Bolivian city of Sucre, site of this study, there is no "informal sector"; rather, the entire economy demonstrates informal characteristics. With a handful of exceptions, businesses are all very small and household centered. Most manufacturing is done by hand or with simple machines, and informal labor and trade relationships predominate. This thesis describes Sucre's …  Lire la suite

This is an examination of the position of Catharina Regina von Greiffenberg (1633--1694) with regard to contemporary societal gender-paradigms, which were the conditions under which she produced her literary work; these same conditions are also reflected in her texts. The first chapter includes a methodological discussion and establishes the importance of applying a socio-historical approach in order to better understand the situation of women in the Baroque period, and of Greiffenberg in particular, in order to answer the question, how it was possible for the author to write and publish at a time that generally excluded women from such activities. …  Lire la suite

This thesis is made of two parts. In the first part, we study the rheology and nonequilibrium structure of fluids using the nonequilibrium ensemble method and a computational framework is laid toward a theory of steady state. The grand canonical partition function is computed analytically and used to study a gas mixture under shear. The dependence of the viscometric functions on the shear rate is presented and an exact constitutive relation between the kinetic-stress and the generalized potentials is obtained. The system was found to exhibit a shear thinning behavior. The Monte Carlo method in combination with generalized hydrodynamics was …  Lire la suite

An integrated experimental and theoretical study of the residual thermal stresses has been carried out. The final stress profiles along the thickness were measured in an amorphous and a semi-crystalline injection molded polymer using the layer removal technique. The two materials exhibited drastically distinct residual profiles. Furthermore, processing parameters such as melt and coolant temperatures, pressure history, and mold thickness were found to modify the profiles. In order to elucidate the findings, two models were derived. The two-dimensional free mold shrinkage model was developed to provide a rapid estimation of thermal stresses and the main features of their profile. A …  Lire la suite

Laplante, A. R. (Supervisor)  Lire la suite

The use of plastic mulches in producing red bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is relatively new to Quebec and management techniques need to be further developed in terms of nitrogen (N) fertilization as well as insect and disease control. A research project was undertaken in the 1995 and 1996 growing seasons to compare peppers grown on black and on silver mulches, and fertigated using either the conventional method (weekly N-fertigated) or N-fertigated using diagnostic chlorophyll meter readings. Both fertigation treatments resulted in similar yields, although those fertilized according to the chlorophyll meter received 28 to 42 kg N/ha less than …  Lire la suite

Abenhaim, L. (Supervisor)  Lire la suite

clk-1 mutants of the nematode C. elegans have been phenotypically characterized in previous work and found to have decreased rates of development and of periodic adult behaviours, such as defecation, pumping and swimming (Wong et al., 1995). In this study, the defecation periods in older wild type and clk-1 mutant worms were found to be similar despite their differences in young adults. Transgenic strains which express high levels of clk-1 were characterized phenotypically. Over-expression of the clk-1 gene has no observed effect on physiological rates as measured conventionally in young adults but rather has an effect on defecation rates in …  Lire la suite

This thesis develops a size-structured model for the growth of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in aerobic, glucose limited, continuous culture, and then compares the model's predictions with laboratory data. The evolution of cellular subpopulations was described via the coupling of partial differential equations (PDEs) and ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The resulting system was analytically solved, yielding an almost equivalent system of differential delay equations (DDEs). A final transformation of the DDE system into a system of two integro-differential delay equations (IDDEs) yielded a model equivalent to the original ODEs/PDEs, but much more amenable to analysis. Numerical solutions of the IDDE …  Lire la suite

Birds nest under electric and magnetic fields (EMFs) generated by transmission liners which may affect their reproductive success and/or melatonin governing their circadian and circannual cycles. Over two years, captive kestrels were used to determine whether EMFs affect their plasma melatonin concentrations and their reproductive success. EMFs were equivalent to that which wild kestrels are exposed to while nesting under 735 kV transmission fines, and daily exposure used in the captive study (88--98% time budget) was potentially equivalent to that of wild kestrels (90% X, 80% X). Captive kestrels were housed in control or EMF conditions to determine short-term (one …  Lire la suite

FhuD (266 amino acids; Mr 29,160) is found in the periplasm of Escherichia coli K-12 and it is a binding protein that is involved in the transport of Fe3+-ferrichrome across the bacterial cell envelope (Coulton et al., 1987). FhuD is a component of the ferric hydroxamate uptake (Fhu) system which also includes a high affinity outer membrane receptor (FhuA) and two cytoplasmic membrane-bound proteins (FhuB/FhuC) [Coulton et al., 1987]. FhuD is detected in very low concentrations in the E. coli K-12 periplasm. To generate large amounts of FhuD, the fhuD gene of E. coli was cloned into a plasmid vector …  Lire la suite

It has been sixty years since the Anschluss and yet, the question why the Austrian army did not provide some form of resistance is still pondered. This thesis examines the developments of the Austrian Army during the interwar period and focuses on the defence plans compiled by the Austrian Chief of the General Staff, Field Marshall Alfred Jansa. From the moment he assumed his position in the Federal Ministry of Defence, Jansa set out to create an Army capable of defending its borders against Nazi Germany. As long as he was Chief of the General Staff, he promised that any …  Lire la suite

Mark, S. K. (Supervisor)  Lire la suite

Virtual Reality (VR) has the potential to impact human minds and bodies more than any previous technology. Researchers have unsuccessfully attempted three definitions of VR. The first, a definition by technological architecture, focuses on the different types of systems that have been developed. The second, a definition by human architecture, proposes that VR consists of psychological phenomena that users experience such as immersion and presence. The third, a definition by language architecture, uses the popular metaphor of cyberspace as a location to describe the experience. Although each attempt falls short of delivering a complete definition of VR, expanding the parameters …  Lire la suite

Daily 1200 UTC sea-level pressure, 850-hPa height and temperature, and 500-hPa height fields are used in a compositing analysis to document the synoptic evolution of wintertime precipitation events over Montreal. Since there has been a bias in past studies towards analyzing extreme events, four precipitation intensity categories are defined. A summary of the findings are as follows: (i) Heavier precipitation events are associated with a ridge-trough couplet as opposed to a trough for lighter events. The magnitude of the downstream ridge is influenced by the strength of warm advection at the 850-hPa level. (ii) Differences in the intensity of precipitation …  Lire la suite

The possible involvement of spinal metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) were examined in animal models of persistent and chronic pain. In Study 1, it was shown that spinal administration of relatively selective group I mGluR antagonists, or a selective group III mGluR agonist, but not a non-selective mGluR antagonist, slightly, but significantly reduced nociceptive scores in the rat formalin test Also, spinal administration of a non-selective mGluR agonist, or a selective group I mGluR agonist, but not a relatively selective group II agonist, enhanced formalin-induced nociception. The pro-nociceptive effects of these agents were reversed by a non-selective mGluR antagonist or by …  Lire la suite