McGill University Thèses et mémoires publiés en 2002

The fragment 2 domain (F2) of human prothrombin is known to interact with both thrombin and factor Va contributing to enhanced prothrombinase activity in the absence of phospholipid membranes. Using P.Pastoris, we have over-expressed recombinant F2 and achieved uniform labeling of F2 with both 15N and 15N/13C isotopes. The 1H-15N HSQC NMR spectra of F2 and other backbone (13Calpha and some 13C beta) resonances have been assigned by a combination of proton homonuclear TOCSY/NOESY and triple-resonance NMR experiments. The 13C alpha conformational shifts indicate that human F2 assumes secondary structure elements similar to those found in the crystal structure of …  Lire la suite

Multinational enterprises shape global and national politics by their enormous economic power. In the introduction, I briefly discuss the definition of a multinational, as well as the role of labour standards relating to child labour. In Part I, I will focus upon the political and economic relationship between States and MNEs. I will also discuss the tensions this relationship creates. In the second part, I focus on the issue of child labour and different kinds of approaches countries take. Before dealing with international efforts to create a universal code, I examine two internal codes. Part III addresses two main issues. …  Lire la suite

Metal contamination can disrupt the trophic links in food webs by altering the taxonomic composition and size structure of benthic invertebrate communities. Benthic invertebrate samples and perch (Perca flavescens) were collected from six lakes along a gradient of metal pollution in Rouyn-Noranda, Canada. The benthic communities of the contaminated lakes were less diverse and had smaller individuals (0.09 mg d.w. and 0.16 mg d.w. vs. 0.22 mg d.w. in the reference lake). The stomach contents of perch from contaminated lakes were less diverse, showed a greater reliance on chironomids or zooplankton, and cannibalism than perch from less polluted lakes. The …  Lire la suite

Sorace (1993) suggests that competence at the final stage of non-native acquisition falls into qualitatively distinct categories: (1) incomplete grammar, which lacks a representation for a part of the target system; (2) divergent grammar, which has the target distinctions with non-target instantiations. She captures the general nature of the two systems but leaves their contents undefined. This study adopts her proposal and investigates non-native grammars with respect to acquisition of the Polish aspects: completive, pofective and perfective, in an attempt to define the properties of incomplete or divergent knowledge in the domain of aspect. According to the account of the …  Lire la suite

Hechtman, Lily (Supervisor)  Lire la suite

In a three point argument, it is asserted that general principles of law can be used to establish liability of corporations for massive violations of human rights. First, there is a lacuna in the law in this subject. Second, the constructivist approach to international relations contends that international norms are obeyed when they are internalized, so, conversely, the assertion is made that domestic law could be used to identify international norms, expanding the usefulness of general principles of law. Thirdly, general principles of law can be identified by comparative law methodology, so using one comparative method, The Common Core of …  Lire la suite

Centenarian population studies are one of several approaches currently used to study the aging process and characterize successful aging. I have described a methodology permitting the simultaneous generation of RNA, DNA, protein, and plasma samples, as well as fixed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and frozen blood aliquots, from a single 10- to 30-ml sample of peripheral blood obtained from donors of any age, and showed that although extremely old individuals are somewhat anemic, it is possible to obtain enough biological material from their blood to conduct aging studies. I investigated the possibility of immortalizing B-lymphocytes from extremely old individuals, …  Lire la suite

Neonatal excitotoxic lesions of rat ventral hippocampus (nVH) have been demonstrated to induce post-pubertal behavior and neurochemical alterations analogous to those observed in schizophrenia (Sams-Dodd et al., 1997; Flores et al., 1996A; Lipska et al., 1995; and Lipska et al., 1993). To better characterize the mechanism of nVH lesions, we have examined the effects of transient glutamatergic blockade on the major output structures of VH, namely nucleus accumbens, cingulate prefrontal cortex, infralimbic prefrontal cortex and ventral tegmental area. A single bilateral injection of NMDA antagonist D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentonoic acid (AP-5) was administrated stereotaxically into male neonatal Sprague-Dawley rat at postnatal day 7. …  Lire la suite

Coupling beams are a key structural element for resisting seismic loading because of their energy dissipating capabilities and high ductilities. In coupling beams with short span-to-depth ratios, diagonal reinforcement is used to provide the amount of ductility required. Because of the large amount of steel congestion within traditionally reinforced diagonally reinforced coupling beams, however, alternative reinforcement layouts are desired to simplify their construction. Two specimens were constructed and tested under reversed cyclic loading. The results were then compared to previous experimental results to evaluate the viability of these construction techniques. One specimen contained No. 20 diagonal bars placed in a …  Lire la suite

The sex-determining gene on the Y chromosome, named Sry, initiates differentiation of gonadal somatic cells into testes, which in turn regulate the development of male phenotype. The B6.YTIR sex-reversed mouse provides a good model for studying sex-determining mechanisms. We proposed a hypothesis that the testis-determining pathway is impaired downstream of Sry transcription in the B6.YTIR fetus. The current study aimed to determine the hierarchical order of Sry, Sox9, Pn1, and Mis by examining their expression in B6.YTIR gonads as compared to normal B6.XY gonads by RT-PCR. Results. Sry expression was comparable between B6.Y TIR and B6.XY gonads, with its onset …  Lire la suite

Substantial evidence has accumulated indicating that a genetic predisposition underlies suicidal behaviour, and that the mediating mechanism may involve decreased serotonergic activity and/or low serum cholesterol level. Most association studies have focused on genes involved in the serotonergic tophan hydroxylase (TPH) gene has been extensively examined and conflicting findings have been reported. The meta-analysis presented here was conducted to clarify the role of the TPH gene in suicidal behaviour. No overall association between the TPH gene and suicidal behaviour was found. A shift in focus to genes related to regulation of cholesterol level may provide useful clues. Thus, five genes …  Lire la suite

Automated video surveillance is a field in rapid expansion. Our research goal is to build a 3D person tracker for indoor video surveillance. In order to put our work in context we review various vision-based techniques for tracking people and detecting abnormal behaviours. The approaches are presented in bottom-up fashion starting from low-level algorithms to segment foreground objects, to trackers and action recognition systems. We also present a model-based camera localization technique. Our contribution is a 3D tracking system that can be subdivided into three modules: background subtraction, camera pose estimation and the tracker itself. The background subtraction algorithm uses …  Lire la suite

The Met receptor tyrosine kinase was originally identified as a rearranged oncogene, Tpr-Met. Both Met and its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) regulate epithelial cell dispersal and morphogenesis and are deregulated in several human tumors. At the onset of this thesis, little was known about the signals that regulate these events. In this thesis I have defined the involvement of the Crk adapter protein in Met-dependent anchorage independent growth, cell spreading, cell dispersal, invasion and morphogenesis. The disruption of focal adhesion signaling in Met transformed fibroblasts is associated with the loss of Crk/p130Cas and Crk/Paxillin complexes. In contrast, Crk associates …  Lire la suite

This thesis looks at the origin, development and perpetuation of a religiously based regional identity in the region of Los Altos, in the state of Jalisco, Mexico. An examination of the interaction between Catholic religion, specific historical events, collective memory and regional discourse reveals how religion as a factor informing collective affiliation can be mobilized in ways that have social and political significance.  Lire la suite

The possible role of substance P in mediating inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) was evaluated by blocking the substance P (NK-1) receptor in an acute animal model. Ethanol and zymosan were administered via the rectum into the colon in anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats to induce the model. To assess the role of substance P, 5mg/kg of CP-96,345 was administered subcutaneously thirty minutes prior to induction of IBD and every hour for three hours, at which time testing was begun. In another group of rats, 3 00mug/kg of an antisense oligonucleotide targeted at NK-1 receptor mRNA was administered intraperitoneally twice …  Lire la suite

Persons with Down syndrome and MA matched typically developing children were tested on two measures each of hot and cool executive function (EF). Tasks were selected to be developmentally appropriate for mental ages between 3 and 6 years. Participants with Down syndrome performed at the same level as verbal mental age (VMA, M = 47.53 months) matched typically developing children on the Children's Gambling Task (Kerr & Zelazo, 2001), a delay of gratification task (Thompson, Barresi, & Moore, 1997) the Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS; Frye, Zelazo, & Palfai, 1995), and the Self-Ordered Pointing task (Petrides & Milner, 1982), but …  Lire la suite

Over the last twenty years, the People's Republic of China has exhibited behaviour consistent with that of a great power attempting to elevate itself to a global power, with monumental effects on the evolving international order. Unlike rising global powers of the past, China faces two powerful constraints, which have prevented the country from taking the traditional paths of territorial expansion and political-economic domination in order to develop as a global power. The first obstacle has been the presence of the United States, which became the world's only superpower after the cold war. The second is the existence of nuclear …  Lire la suite

One of the central problems of molecular electronics is to understand electron conduction properties when a functional molecule is interfaced with external electrodes and put under external bias and gate potentials. These properties are influenced by the molecule-electrode interaction as well as by the structure of the functional region of the device. In this thesis, we investigate from first-principles the transport properties of a number of molecular-scale systems, and try to relate the observed features to both the atomic and electronic structure. We start with a detailed analysis of transport through carbon atomic wires, and find that the equilibrium conductance …  Lire la suite

Flavoenzymes catalyze a wide variety of biochemical reactions and are commonly observed as electron transport proteins. The redox reactive portion of the enzymes is the isoalloxazine ring system of the flavin cofactor. It is known that the protein environment modulates the redox potential of the flavin, for example, "tuning" its redox potential to favor either a one-electron transfer (electron transfer proteins) or a two-electron transfer (oxidation reactions). This thesis presents an in depth structural study of the flavoenzyme, cholesterol oxidase (EC 1.1.3.6) from Streptomyces sp. SA-COO (SCOA) a multifunctional enzyme that oxidizes and isomerizes 3-beta-hydroxysteroids. This work was pursued in …  Lire la suite

The motivation of the present work is our research on a cantilever-based chemical sensor. We are addressing the question of the source of the surface stress on a gold-coated cantilever due to alkanethiol adsorption. By simultaneously measuring layer thickness and cantilever stress during alkanethiol monolayer self-assembly, the aim is to gain some insight on where the surface stress comes from. The technique we used to monitor layer thickness is ellipsometry. The ellipsometer is used to measure, in situ, the formation dynamics of self-assembled alkanethiol monolayers under different conditions. The thickness evolution is interpreted in terms of monolayer phases (lying-down and …  Lire la suite

We describe brane-world models which partially break supersymmetry from N = 2 to N = 1. The brane models we consider are embedded within a 4-dimensional N = 2 locally supersymmetric bulk-space. We devise the following models: a single-brane action, a single-antibrane action and a two-brane action. In these models the membrane linearly realises one supersymmetry of the bulk and spontaneously breaks the other. We also construct the action for a brane free bulk with a cosmological constant term. This model is different from the previous examples because both supersymmetries are broken. We also attempt to devise a brane-antibrane action. …  Lire la suite

Following a departmental expansion, an isocentric cobalt-60 external beam teletheraphy unit was modified to produce a large fixed field for total body irradiation. The sourcehead was separated from the gantry and installed at a distance of 251.2 cm from the floor. The collimator was removed and replaced with a custom built secondary collimator projecting a 277 x 132.6 cm 2 radiation field at floor level. The work presented in this thesis describes the measurements performed to bring the unit into clinical use for total body irradiation. A custom flattening filter was placed below the secondary collimator to flatten the beam …  Lire la suite

This thesis examines the change towards a property-based view of information in the fields of copyright, database protection and data privacy. Focus will be placed on the United States and the European Union, as those territories together are responsible for more than half of the world's Internet population. The thesis will attempt to show that a view of information as personal property is not actually benefiting society in general and is dangerous for future progress: economic, scientific and social. The thesis suggests balancing the restrictions on access to information as a whole, meaning viewing the restrictions in copyright, database protection …  Lire la suite

Ouellet, J. (Supervisor)  Lire la suite

The present project investigated the effect of epidural blockade with local anesthetic on the catabolic stress response during and immediately after abdominal surgery in fasting patients and during infusion of glucose at 2 mg·kg-1·min-1. The kinetics of glucose and protein metabolism were assessed by the stable isotope tracers [6,6-2H2]glucose and L-[1-13C]-leucine. Epidural blockade was associated with a lower plasma glucose concentration and glucose production when compared to control subjects in the fasted state. Whole body protein breakdown, amino acid oxidation and protein synthesis were suppressed during surgery, and epidural blockade had no modifying effect on perioperative protein metabolism. The suppression …  Lire la suite

Gingras, Denis (Supervisor)  Lire la suite

In this thesis, I propose an analysis of Julien Gracq's fictional works, based upon a dual methodological approach inspired by Genettian naratology and the phenomenological theories of reading. I argue that "derealization" is an important element of Julien Gracq's writing, which is often perceived in binary terms (classical and/or modern, alternately real and unreal, realistic and magical). This hypothesis leads me to develop a conceptual framework for a notion that, while it has on occasion been invoked by critics, has never been properly defined. In this framework, derealization is defined both as a textual product and a reading effect. As …  Lire la suite

The complexity of information produced since the 1980's on co-occurring severe mental illness and substance misuse makes it difficult for social workers to grasp the current state of the question. This is a new field of study, and much of the information is incomplete or contradictory. This review examines epidemiological studies carried out in North America. We identify the varied semantic and philosophical approaches to the question of dual diagnoses, and provide an overview of etiological theories, as well as of the theory and practice of treatment for these disorders. Emergent concepts of recovery are also discussed. Major findings. epidemiological …  Lire la suite

Experimental results of scalar dispersion from a concentrated source in an inhomogeneous turbulent flow field are presented in this thesis. The flow field is fully developed channel flow---one of the simplest inhomogeneous turbulent flows. A fine line source is used to inject the scalar (temperature). The temperature injection does not affect the flow field, hence it is passive. The line source is in the spanwise (z) direction of the channel, and is located at transverse (i.e., wall-normal) locations: y/h = 0.067, 0.17, and 1.0 (where h is the channel half-width). Measurements of the resultant thermal plume for each source location …  Lire la suite

The aim of this thesis is to reveal the need for a principled framework that would establish an effective implementation of the aboriginal peoples' right to self-government in Canada. In recent decades, many agreements instituting the right to self-government of First Nations have been concluded between the federal and provincial governments and aboriginal peoples. It then becomes important to evaluate the attempts of the two existing orders of government and the courts of Canada as regards the right to self-government and assess the potential usefulness of the two's efforts at defining and implementing the right. Firstly, the importance and legitimacy …  Lire la suite

Gauthier, Serge (Supervisor)  Lire la suite

Transposons are a diverse collection of mobile genetic elements and are important components of nearly every genome. Because of their mobile and repetitive nature, transposons can have considerable effects on host gene expression, genome organization and evolution. The recent availability of genomic sequence information has expedited the discovery and study of transposons, as exemplified in this thesis by the complete genome analysis of the model plant system Arabidopsis thaliana. Data mining in Arabidopsis has revealed a rich diversity of transposons, of which Basho and Terminal-repeat Retrotransposons In Miniature (TRIM) elements were previously unknown types. The identification of Related to Empty …  Lire la suite

Firstly, that all normativity constitutes law. Thus, law can no more be defined by formal criteria than it can be conditioned by determinisms. Its substance must be found in the ontology of regulation. All manifestations of normativity must therefore be considered as relevant to the jurist. Secondly, that identity is at once complex, fragmented, interwoven and in flux. We are all inhabited by multiple and often contradictory relationships, allegiances and sensibilities whose overlaps define our identity. It is the constant arbitration with which identity confronts us that predisposes us to develop the empathy necessary to interaction and coexistence. Thirdly, that …  Lire la suite

A dual-wavelength Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscope was developed in order to investigate near-field contrast mechanisms as well as biological samples in air. Using a helium-cadmium laser, light of wavelengths 442 and 325 nanometers is coupled into a single mode optical fiber. The end of the probe is tapered to a sub-wavelength aperture, typically 50 nanometers, and positioned in the near-field of the sample. Light from the aperture is transmitted through the sample and detected in a confocal arrangement by two photomultiplier tubes. The microscope has a lateral topographic resolution of 10 nanometers, a vertical resolution of 0.1 nanometer and an …  Lire la suite

Streamlined is a musical composition for chamber orchestra. The entire piece was created from four basic musical fragments. These fragments are used melodically and as "roots" for chord progressions, eventually rendering melody and harmonic progression as one entity. These chord progressions move slowly from one chord to the other, through several intermediate chord progressions, metamorphosing into each other through carefully calculated and executed transformative processes.  Lire la suite

A possible remediation strategy that involved washing with complexing reagents(s) [disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (Na2EDTA) alone or in combination with bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)dithiocarbamate (HEDC)] was evaluated with an urban soil that had been field contaminated with excesses of heavy metal (HMs). Heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) were targeted for removal. The aqueous solution that resulted from, washing was treated with zero-valent (ZV) magnesium (Mg0) or bimetallic mixture (Pd0/Mg 0 or Ag0/Mg0) to release the chelating reagent(s) from their heavy metal complexes. During this reaction, the heavy metals were precipitated from solution as hydroxides or became plated on to the surface …  Lire la suite

Wilms' tumor (WT) is an embryonic renal neoplasm which affects 1 in 10,000 children. It has long been considered an excellent model for studying the relationship of cancer to development. A tumor suppressor gene wt1 , implicated in predisposition to WT, is known to play an essential role in regulating development of the kidney and of the genitourinary system. A number of genes involved in growth regulation and cellular differentiation are modulated by WT1 and a number of proteins are known to associate with WT1. Some of these proteins are able to alter the transcriptional properties of WT1 influencing whether …  Lire la suite

Across Canada, municipalities have been struggling to alleviate the poverty of increasing numbers of homeless people and panhandlers on city streets. Simultaneously, tensions have risen between these street people and the general public. This thesis is a narrative study of the current conflict between panhandlers and other community stakeholders in Calgary, Alberta. This study presents the diverse viewpoints and voices of people who panhandle, homeless people, the general public, the downtown business community, social service providers, city bureaucrats and police officers. This study examines how identity politics and broader social ideologies shape face-to-face street encounters and influence debates over public …  Lire la suite

After ejaculation, spermatozoa undergo a series of transformation in the female genital tract, named capacitation, that enables them to bind to the zona pellucida, initiate the acrosome reaction and fertilize the egg. Mammalian sperm motility, capacitation and acrosome reaction are regulated by signal transduction systems involving cAMP and cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA). Intracellular levels of cAMP are regulated by adenylyl cyclase (AC) and phosphodiesterases (PDEs), responsible for its production and degradation, respectively. Of the 11 PDE families that exist, calmodulin (CaM)-dependent PDE (PDE1) and cAMP-specific PDE (PDE4) activities were previously identified in human spermatozoa. The aims of the present …  Lire la suite

Prosaposin is a 65 kDa glycoprotein that can either be targeted to the lysosomal compartment or further glycosylated to a 70 kDa form and secreted from the cell. In the lysosome, prosaposin is cleaved into four individual proteins known as saposins A, B, C and D that function as activators of sphingolipid degradation. Most soluble lysosomal proteins use the mannose 6-phophate receptor to traffic to the lysosome. However, several proteins including prosaposin have been shown not to use this mechanism. Since prosaposin binds several types of sphingolipids and that lipids are involved in the trafficking of proteins to various cellular …  Lire la suite

Should the lack of confidence in the airline industry, led by the September 2001 terrorist attack, stop the liberalization process of the airline ownership and control? Following this dreadful event, even though the rationale of the ownership and control restrictions comes back now to the original concept of national identity, States should pursue the liberalization of cross-border investments, which will undoubtedly contribute to the growth and expansion of the airline industry. Indeed, the principle of airline substantial ownership and effective control is one of the biggest impediments to the air transport industry growth. Legitimately included in the bilateral agreements since …  Lire la suite

The last decade has witnessed a substantial increase in the use of military airpower for peace enforcement. Coalition airstrikes in the 1991 Gulf War, the use of NATO airpower against Bosnian-Serbs in 1995 and Yugoslavia in 1999, and the use on US-led airpower in the recent conflict in Afghanistan, are all examples of this trend. The use of airpower presents important implications for the laws of armed conflict while having consequences for the internationally-sanctioned delivery of humanitarian relief to war victims. Has the use of airpower increasingly limited civilian casualties since the Gulf War? Are humanitarian operations possible doting coalition …  Lire la suite

This dissertation develops a synoptic approach to the systematic identification and comparison of the distribution of material from the model in the Kyrie and in the Credo of six parody masses of Palestrina, Lassus and de Monte, published between 1570 and 1600. These masses are grouped in pairs and each pair is based on a different model. Knowing that the compositional approaches to parody vary from one composer to one another, the objectives of this research are as follows: (1) comparison of the parodic approach of two composers in masses based on the same model; (2) comparison of pairs of …  Lire la suite

This thesis investigates non-native language acquisition of the verbal and nominal functional domains in Second language (L2) English and second/third language (L2/L3) French by Chinese and Vietnamese speakers. Six experimental studies are reported. Two current competing theories in the field of theoretical second language acquisition (L2A), namely, the Failed Features Hypothesis (FFH) and the Full Transfer Full Access (FTFA) model are compared and their applicability to third language acquisition (L3A) evaluated in the light of our data. A version of the Minimalist Program is assumed in this work. Predictions based on FFH and FTFA are as follows: As far as …  Lire la suite

Magnetization transfer (MT) imaging is a magnetic resonance imaging techniqu ewhich permits indirect observation of the macromolecular component of biological tissue. Semi-quantitative implementations such as magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) imaging are very useful in the study of neuro-degenerative diseases, despite the relatively limited information provided by such single measurement methods. Quantitative techniques provide estimated measures of model parameters that more accurately describe the MT process. This thesis presents the application of quantitative MT imaging in a cross-sectional study of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and healthy controls, exploring the on-going changes that occur in MS. Quantitative results are investigated to determine …  Lire la suite

This thesis describes an experimental platform for the study of skin stretch of the human fingerpad during tactile exploration tasks. A digital camera records the sequence of patterns created by a fingertip as it slides over a transparent surface with simple geometrical features. Skin deformation is measured with high temporal and spatial resolution by tracking anatomical landmarks on the fingertip. Techniques adapted from the field of online fingerprinting are used to acquire high-contrast fingerprint images and extract salient features (pores, valley endings, and valley bifurcations). The performance of the method is evaluated with surfaces embossed with a ridge or valley …  Lire la suite

Three tasks of selective attention were administered to test inhibition, visuospatial selective attention, and Decision-making in subjects with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Compared to normal elderly controls (NECs), subjects were significantly slower on the visuospatial and inhibitory tasks. The inhibitory measure revealed the largest (proportional reaction time) group difference. There were no significant inter-task correlations, suggesting the potential to fractionate selective attention. To assess the relationship between inhibition and atrophy in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a manual segmentation was performed on T1 weighted MRI scans in NECs and AD subjects. We calculated the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF):grey matter ratio to obtain …  Lire la suite

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Kre5p is important for the biosynthesis of beta-1,6-glucan, which is required for proper cell wall assembly and architecture. A functional and cell biological analysis of Kre5p was conducted to further elucidate its role in beta-1,6-glucan synthesis. Kre5p was found to be a primarily soluble N-glycoprotein of ~200 kD that localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum. Observation of Kre5p-deficient cells reveals a severe cell wall morphological defect, and kre5Delta cells were shown to have only residual levels of beta-1,6-glucan. KRE6 was identified as a multicopy suppressor of a temperature-sensitive kre5 allele, suggesting these proteins participate in a common pathway. An …  Lire la suite

Forensic social work is defined as the specialty that focuses on the interface between the legal system and the human service system. Forensic psychiatric social work is a subspecialty of forensic social work. Treatment issues arise in forensic social work due to the nature of working within the two systems, but some are specific to forensic psychiatric social work due to the nature of balancing the needs of the patient with the protection of society. Issues that are relevant to forensic psychiatric social work are, applying psychosocial rehabilitation strategies in a forensic setting, the paradox of custody vs. caring, issues …  Lire la suite

With the development of Geographical Information System (GIS) and remote sensing techniques, a great deal of data has provided a set of continuous samples of the earth surface from local, regional to global scales. Several multi-scale, multi-resolution, pyramid or hierarchical methods and statistical methods have been developed and used to investigate the scaling property of remotely sensed data: local variance, texture method, scale variance, semivariogram, and fractal analysis. This research introduces the wavelet transform into the realm of scale study in remote sensing and answers three research questions. Three specific objectives corresponding to the three research questions are answered. They …  Lire la suite