Documents found
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115951.
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115952.More information
This article examines the emergence of the public memory of slavery and the Atlantic slave trade in the Republic of Benin, by explaining how the heritagization of slavery was crucial for the development of a local tourism industry. The article shows that the rise of the public memory of the Atlantic slave trade in Benin is not an isolated venture and that similar initiatives were also developed in other West African countries. The article also discusses how the plural memories of slavery are articulated with the expectations of African American and Afro-Caribbean tourists, who are the main target of projects focusing on slavery cultural heritage and roots tourism. The article concludes that although slavery heritage tourism helped to place Benin among the international slavery tourist destinations, it also contributed to make visible the plural memories of slavery and to commodify African tangible and intangible heritage.
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115953.More information
The focus of this article is on the institutional dimension of urban dynamics, particularly on the twin processes of capitalization – defined as the transformation of a place into a capital city – and decentralization. We observe that they co-exist in several urban contexts. A study was conducted addressing the inherent level of sustainability for each configuration produced by the dynamics. This hypothesis was tested by performing a mental experiment to assess the consequences of the prevalence of one dynamic over the other. To do so, a case study was undertaken on two Italian Alpine cities – Turin and Bolzano – in order to empirically ground the experiment and compare the two conceptual models. From our analysis, both extreme centralization and decentralization seem unsustainable. The broader policy implications are clear: urban institutions must seek to control these processes by avoiding the extremes and mitigating their impacts.
Keywords: Urban institutions, sustainability, capitalization, decentralization, Alpine cities, Institutions urbaines, durabilité, capitalisation, décentralisation, villes alpines
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115954.More information
Context Abnormal emotion processing is frequent in schizophrenia and affects social and functional outcome. Past event-related potential (ERP) research investigating processing of affective stimuli in schizophrenia was done mainly with facial expressions and revealed impaired facial emotion recognition in patients relative to control subjects. Experimentations involving fMRI with this group of patients, showed alteration of limbic and frontal regions in response to emotional unpleasant images, compared to neutral stimuli during a memory task. Other studies have also noted an increase in brain activity when the activation of the stimuli was high compared to low arousal stimuli. This may indicate a different sensitivity threshold to emotional arousal and emotional valence involving frontal pathways in these patients. But very few studies attempted to separate the contributions of emotional valence and arousal within an episodic memory protocol with ERP, in that population.Goal The aim of the current research is to investigate brain electro-cortical activity in schizophrenia in response to emotional images during an episodic memory task.Method ERP components were analyzed in 16 schizophrenic and 17 control participants matched for age, sex and intelligence. ERPs were obtained from 56 EEG electrodes. The tasks consisted in a classical episodic memory task that presented 100 repeated old and 100 new photographic images divided into four categories (unpleasant-high arousal, unpleasant-low arousal, pleasant-high arousal and pleasant-low arousal) selected from the International Affective Picture System. The N200, P300 and late positive component (LPC) mean amplitude, were analyzed using repeated-measure analyses of variance (MANOVA).Results Patients with schizophrenia and control subjects gave comparable subjective evaluations of arousal and valence. However, the frontal N200 and the P300 both showed an interaction of the group x memory x valence x hemisphere (F [1.32]=8.36; p <.01). Thus, this complex interaction denotes an increase of the episodic memory effect in the right hemisphere in response to unpleasant stimuli, with schizophrenic patients. With respect to the control group, there is also an increase of this memory effect in the right hemisphere, but in response to pleasant stimuli. The schizophrenic patients presented a smaller LPC memory effect, especially at the frontal region. More specifically, the frontal LPC was reduced, and the clinical group was less reactive to the emotional arousal content, compared to the control group.Discussion Altogether, our results revealed that while the subjective evaluation of emotional pictures is equivalent across groups, cerebral differences are present in schizophrenic patients during emotional recognition. N200 and P300 results in the frontal region suggest impaired selective attention and episodic memory to unpleasant stimuli in patients, while later processes related to conscious recollection (parietal LPC) are not affected with patients affected with schizophrenia.Conclusion This finding provides further support for the notion of a possible discrepancy between the subjective experience and the physiological expression of emotions in schizophrenia patients. Those results could open the door to new clinical research investigations in psychiatry, particularly in the comprehension of a relationship between frontal cortex vulnerability and episodic memory often present in psychosis.
Keywords: mémoire, émotions, potentiels évoqués cognitifs, schizophrénie, ERP, schizophrenia, psychosis, event-related potentials, memory, emotion, valence, arousal
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115955.More information
The rise of Sunni Islamists parties to power in many Arab countries in the aftermath of the 2011 upheavals revealed a set of principles related to a paradigm of identity based on religion, on which their understanding of politics relies. This article explores the concept of identity through a qualitative content analysis of the literature of the key thinkers of Islamic Fundamentalism as well as the experience of Islamists in Egypt. The article sheds the light on the epistemology of some underpinnings at stake, especially the Charia, to unravel some facets of the tensions that have characterized the establishment of the «Project of an Islamic State». We link the founding dogma, the discourse of the Islamists and the exercise of power through the constitutional reform of 2012. Through Islamic Fundamentalism, does the matrix of Identity constitute a «non-stable function» or a «substantial building block» ? (Lévi-Strauss)
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115956.More information
Although much of the historiography of urban public health documents scapegoating of immigrant and working-class civilians during onsets of epidemic disease, the 1918 influenza epidemic in New Haven, Connecticut, suggests a very different story. A large number of industrial working-class Italians made up a significant proportion of the city's population. During the epidemic, Italians succumbed to influenza at nearly twice the rate of other residents. But, contrary to historiographic expectations, the New Haven story is one narrated by piercing silences and a distinct lack of hostility towards the immigrant community. These silences must be understood as a product of the period's political and social context. Influenza struck New Haven during the closing months of the First World War, a period marked by calls for unity, cooperation, and fierce patriotism. As Anglo citizens emphasized Americanism and assimilation, the Italian community's middle-class leadership largely acquiesced. Italian editors, physicians, business-owners, and other professionals used the epidemic period to construct a new public face of the Italian community as a modernized, patriotic, and responsible ethnic group. Simultaneously, New Haven's nationally renowned public health officials embraced a wartime vocabulary of voluntarism and civic obligation to alter civilian behaviours. They encouraged education and gentle persuasion in hygiene over more forceful coercion. Together, these community responses to influenza helped to quell potential hostilities. However, they also masked persistent inequalities in Italian health and limited the potential for real urban reforms of immigrant housing and health. Italian- and English-language publications demonstrate the diverse meanings of the influenza epidemic for different groups within the city. They also illustrate the many ways these groups used the epidemic to construct new definitions of citizenship and proper behaviour.
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115957.More information
The aim of this paper is to observe, using discourse analysis methodologies, the process of debating system about climate questions through the agency of three notions: expertise, controversy and polemic. We propose to analyze the construction of climate change discourse in French medias and in scientists' discourses through two discursive types: controversy and polemic, always regarding the part played by the climate expertise. The first part of this article helps to define discursively speaking what is controversy and what is polemic. It also constructs the links between these types of discourse and the definition of expertise. The empirical part of the article shows three complementary analysis: the uses of the two notions controversy and polemic in scientists' discourses, a diachronic analysis of French media discourses regarding the IPPC representation and a synchronic analysis of French newspapers front pages from November 2009 and April 2010, focusing on the elements constructing the polemic and controversial discourses.
Keywords: expertise, controverse, polémique, discours, presse, changement climatique, GIEC, climat, climato-scepticisme, expertise, controversy, polemic, discourse, media, climate change, IPCC, climate
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115958.More information
This article aims to present the research conducted in recent years by a multidisciplinary team on the questions of land-use conflict, and to reveal the methodology of survey and data collection, as well as the structure of the resulting database. We first define the scope of our study by providing a definition of these conflicts, of their characteristics and motives, of the ways they manifest themselves and of the actors involved. We then present the methodology we have used to identify conflicts ; a methodology based on a spatial analysis and the combined use of different data collection methods including surveys conducted by experts, analyses of the regional daily press and of data from the administrative litigation courts. Finally we present the Conflicts data base©, with its tables and nomenclatures, in which the data collected in different fields is reconciled and analysed (III), before providing a few examples of how this method can be used to analyse the case of the Greater Paris Region.
Keywords: Conflits, Méthodologie, base de données, presse quotidienne, contentieux, entretiens, Conflicts, Methodology, data base, daily press, litigation, surveys
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115959.More information
This research analyzes the performance of two Brazilian business networks, Campina Grande and João Pessoa. The results reveal significant differences according to the operation mode in these networks. The network of Campina Grande has a dynamic operation that brings positive results to the group in contrast to that of João Pessoa. Its functioning can be explained by four variables that affected their performance : the role of institutions, the expectation of members and their collective and long term vision, the selection of partners based on a set of criteria, and the transfer of knowledge at several levels of the network. The network of João Pessoa remained an emerging and informal network. The members are rather motivated by individual and short-term goals.
Keywords: réseau d'entreprises, performance, Brésil, business networks, performance, Brazil, red de empresas, rendimiento, Brasil
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115960.More information
In recent years, China has become Africa's most important economic partner. Chinese companies of all sizes and sectors bring investments, managerial know-how and entrepreneurial energy to all 54 African countries. China also plays host to the largest population of African migrants seeking business opportunities as well as African students in search of renowned universities. It is therefore useful to compare management practices between China and Africa. Through an analytical review, our study highlights the similarities and differences of management philosophies, managerial styles, networking, and entrepreneurship. This study helps strengthen knowledge of Chinese and African management styles and suggests directions for future studies that could ensure the success of the collaboration between China and Africa.
Keywords: African management, Chinese management, managerial practices, entrepreneurship, networking, Management Africain, Management Chinois, Pratiques Managériales, Entrepreneuriat, Réseautage, Gestión africana, gestión china, prácticas gerenciales, emprendimiento, trabajo en red