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AbstractIn Colombia, it is possible to establish links between the period known as La Violencia and contemporary forced displacement since the illegal seizure of land, assassinations and forced migration toward middle-sized and large cities are abiding features of these two phenomena. We have observed in Bogota the impact of forced displacement on a group of Afro-Colombian women of rural origin, coming from Chocó (Pacific region). Their experience of no longer being able to exercise their traditional cultural practices in Bogota provides a glimpse of the dynamic characterizing Colombia's internal armed conflict in this area. They do, however, use certain strategies so that their culture becomes, as it were, a letter of introduction when they attempt to position their depreciated otherness in neighbourhood contexts where cultural practices associated with Colombia's Andean culture predominate; as such, they become intercultural mediators while bringing to light the problems of social exclusion experienced by their neighbours who have not been displaced.

In women's didactic works from the XVth through the XVIIth century (conduct books written for princesses and noble women, instructions from mothers to daughters, devotional guides), representation functions as a mirroring effect. Women writers do not question the image of the ideal woman reflected in the « miroir des femmes » (conduct books written by men) but they stress specific virtues by which woman can regain her « dignity » which until then was reserved for men only. These women may appear to us today as shy, prudent, conservative. But in fact, their demonstration of woman's « excellence » paved the way for those who, more audacious, would claim woman's right to study.

This study of two recent fictions (Les rêveries de la femme sauvage and Le jour où je n'étais pas là) evoking certain episodes of the narrator-author's judeo-Algerian youth, attempts to analyze their mtaphorization, in order to understand better some processes of Cixousian writing. References to Jacques Derrida, who shares similar roots with Cixous, help to clarify certain features in the representation of Algeria and the poetic expression of the works. The reference to Emmanuel Levinas and Jean-François Lyotard is used to explain the importance of the ethics of judaism on the double level of representation and narration.

To date, there is no consensus on the diagnostic criteria for Internet addiction (Hinic, 2011; Tonioni & coll., 2012; Weinstein & Lejoyeux, 2010). Nonetheless, some people consider themselves cyberdependent and request treatment services in the addiction rehabilitation centers (ARC) of the province of Quebec. These admissions have led the Health and Social Services Agency of Montreal to ask for the realization of a descriptive study on Internet addiction.Objectives: 1) Describe the socio-demographical characteristics of cyberdependent individuals receiving treatment in the ARC; 2) Document their associated problems, such as problems related to alcohol and drug abuse, gambling, self-esteem, and symptoms of depression and anxiety.Methodology: The study was conducted in eight ARC's of the province of Quebec. A convenience sample of 57 people was recruited over a period of 24 months, from 2010 to 2012. To participate in this study, individuals had to be 18 years or older, identify themselves as cyberdependent, and request help for an Internet addiction problem in a public ARC. The Internet Addiction Test (Young, 1998), in its validated French version (Khazaal & coll., 2008), was used to assess the severity of Internet use habits. The associated problems were assessed using the following questionnaires: the Beck Anxiety Inventory (Beck, Epstein, Brown & Steer, 1988); the Beck Depression Inventory, in its validated French version (Bourque & Beaudette, 1982); the DÉBA-Alcool/Drogues/Jeu (Dépistage-évaluation du besoin d'aide), an instrument used to screen and assess the need for help in problems related to alcohol, drugs, and gambling (Tremblay & Blanchette-Martin, 2009), and the Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965).Results: Fifty-seven people agreed to participate in the study. A large majority of these cyberdependent individuals were male (88%), the mean age was 30 years old, had low incomes and were living with their parents. They consulted following the pressure of their entourage and reported many consequences due to their Internet addiction problem.They spent, on average, 65.8 hours per week on the Internet and reported having several problematic applications. Amongst these problematic applications, the most frequently reported were the role playing game (MMORPG) (57.8%), the streaming on entertainment sites (35.1%), and the chat rooms (29.8%). Regarding the self-esteem scale, 66.6% of participants presented a very low or low self-esteem, while 21.1% presented an above average self-esteem. According to Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories, 3.5% (n=2) of the sample reached the clinical threshold for depression, while 7.5% (n=4) reached it for anxiety. Almost half (45.6%) of the participants were taking psychotropic medication for a mental health problem, and 33.3% had a chronic physical health problem.Conclusion: This study highlights the characteristics of a still unknown group in the population, that of cyberdependent people. Individuals having an Internet addiction problem live significant consequences due to the loss of control on their Internet use. In addition, when they are admitted into treatment, even if the subjective psychological distress is not always high, participants present a complex clinical profile, where comorbidity is the rule rather than the exception. We believe that the current data show enough similarities with other addictive disorders, to allow clinicians to work taking into consideration their experience with other addictive behaviours.

Keywords: cyberdépendance, dépendance à Internet, comorbidité, IAT, Internet addiction, comorbidity, IAT

Context Bullying is a known risk factor for suicidality, and suicide is the second leading cause of death for adolescents. Both are increased in sexual minority youth (SMY). As SMY are comprised of youth who self-identify as gay, lesbian, bisexual (GLB) or who have same-sex attractions or behaviors, our previous finding that different subgroups have different risks for suicidality is understandable. Given that the difference was along sexual identity lines (GLB vs heterosexual SMY), the analysis of bullying data in the same subgroups was felt to be important.Objective To compare the association of bullying and suicide among heterosexual students without same-sex attractions or behaviors, heterosexual students with same-sex attractions and behaviors, and students with gay, lesbian or bisexual (GLB) or unsure sexual identities.Design The 2004 Quebec Youth Risk Behavior Survey (QYRBS) questionnaire was based on the 2001 Center for Disease Control Youth Risk Behavior Survey, and included items assessing the three dimensions of sexual orientation (identity, attraction and behavior), health risk behaviors, experiences of harassment, and suicidal ideation, plans and attempts.Methods A total of 1852 students 14-18 years of age from 14 public and private high schools in Montréal Québec were surveyed anonymously during the 2004-2005 academic year.Main outcome measure Self reports of suicidal ideation, suicidal plan and suicide attempts in the last 12 months.Results In all, 117 students (6.3%) had a non-heterosexual identity (GLB or unsure) and 115 students (6.3%) had a heterosexual identity with same-sex attraction or behavior. Bullying occurred in 24% of heterosexual students without same-sex attraction or behavior, 32% of heterosexual students with same-sex attraction or behavior, and 48% of non-heterosexually identified students. In multivariable analysis, the common risk factors of age, gender, depressed mood, drug use, fighting, physical and sexual abuse, and age of initial sexual contact were controlled. The reference group was heterosexual students without same-sex attraction or behavior and no bullying. When these students were bullied, they were more likely to have suicidal ideation (odds ratio [OR] = 2.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.52-2.92) but not suicide attempts. Non-heterosexual students with no bullying were twice as likely to have suicidal ideation (OR = 2.35, 95% CI = 1.24-4.48) and four times as likely when bullied (OR = 4.44, 95% CI = 2.26–8.72). Similarly for suicide attempts, they were not at increased risk when not bullied, but they were almost three times as likely when bullied (OR = 2.87, 95% CI = 1.43-5.78). Heterosexual students with same-sex attraction or behavior were never more likely on any of the suicide measures compared to the reference group, even when bullied.Conclusion This study was the first to show that adolescent students with a non-heterosexual identity will have a disproportionate increase in their suicide parameters when subject to harassment, but that heterosexually identified students with same-sex attraction or behavior did not have an increased risk over heterosexually identified students without same-sex attraction. This suggests that same-sex attraction and behavior on their own are not contributory to suicide risk, and that the efforts of future research as well as public health efforts may be better served by examining the interface between sexual identity and the school, family, and larger culture that surrounds the sexual minority youth. Longitudinal studies looking at the interplay between all these factors are needed.

Keywords: intimidation, harcèlement, suicide, adolescents, orientation sexuelle, gay, lesbienne, bisexuel, homosexuel, bullying, suicide, homosexual, gay, lesbian, bisexual, youth, adolescents, suicide ideation, suicide plan, suicide attempts

In Côte d'Ivoire, since 1986, the Téné Gazetted Forest has been reforested based of exotic species on more than 21,000 ha for timber production. Botanical inventories in these forest plantations and a remaining natural forest and ethnobotanical surveys have permitted us to assess the ecological and conservation value and the relationships between the neighbouring communities and this timber production system. The remaining forests (109 species) and multi-specific forest plantations (104 species) have higher plant diversity than mono-specific teak plantations. These two habitats are also more stable and have high plant biomass than mono-specific young and old teak plantations. The high abundance of Cedrela odorata, one of the exotic reforestation species in the remaining forest, may require future study about its potential negative impacts on establishing native tree species in the reforested area at Téné Gazetted Forest. More than half (49%) of the harvested products are from the Téné Gazetted Forest; that attests to good collaboration between the forest police officers and the neighbouring communities.

Keywords: plantation forestière, produit de cueillette, communauté locale, diversité végétale, Côte d'Ivoire, forest plantation, harvested product, local community, plant diversity, Côte d'Ivoire