Documents found
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1163.
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1164.
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1165.More information
The construction of modem African masculinity has been shaped by the history of cities, their violence and their culture. The African city — colonial in origin — is based on the controlled immigration of workers (from non-local ethnic groups) recruited by the hiring halls, and it continues to function as an “island of modernity and wealth” protected from the assaults of villagers, periurbanites and poor farmers. The urban man has invented for himself a masculinity that is original and dynamic, possessing multiple facets. His masculinity, wounded by the inherent structural violence of the city, is subject to a permanent crisis of rather unstable identity models whose components are derived from a variety of sources, including the anti-values of African and Western cultures. This masculinity functions differently, depending on whether the urban space is African, European or North American; it is expressed by means of different kinds of cultural production, such as musical performance that serves as a sounding board for social praxis. The image of the “genuine African male” who is francophone is a reflection of the historical rebel throughout the stages of his migration. His strategies aimed at “surprising the other” construct his masculinity by a staccato sequence of mythic acts combining to form the gestural conquest of Urban Eldorado, which can take in the West and the rest of the world. This model of achieving masculinity, embraced by the young, paradoxically stems from precolonial urban order, reappearing in the guise of an updated African modernity.
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1166.More information
Keywords: Famille transnationale, maternité et paternité à distance, interface famille–État‐nation
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1167.More information
Keywords: Traductologie, littérature belge francophone, portrait de traducteurs et traductrices, erreurs de traduction, traduction féministe, corps, prostitution
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1168.More information
How can a sexual act in exchange of money with an art collector be offered as a work of art? In 2003, performer and conceptual artist Andrea Fraser committed the unthinkable of sleeping with an art collector in order to critique the contemporary art milieu and market. The following article proposes a thematic analysis of sexual and ethical components of this work of art entitled Untitled. I will first discuss possible meanings of such a performance and its artistic considerations. I will then address more precisely the troubled position of the artist's subjectivity, which vacillates between a sexual object and an artist. Moreover, the article will highlight the innovative position presented by this work of art on ethical issues regarding sex work by deconstructing paternalistic claims generally used to support the criminalization of sex work. Finally, I will discuss how the sexual nature of this work of art comes to desecrate art, along with sexuality, thereby criticizing the idea that sexuality is the main site of subjectivity. Through this desecration of sexuality, I argue that Untitled offers the possibility to apprehend sex work in a more neutral way.
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1169.More information
This article first investigates the theoretical and practical relationship between the law of attempts and the risk of prejudice. The author studies the links between the prohibition of attempts and the nature of the contemplated risk of prejudice. He then scrutinizes the foundations of the legal distinction between preparatory acts and the actus reus of attempts. Two conclusions emerge from this analysis. The punishment of attempts is normally grounded upon the seriousness of the risk of prejudice envisaged by the accused; it is also dependent, albeit to a more limited extent, upon the actual degree of apprehension of that risk materializing. This text then examines the methods of evaluating the level of moral guilt of the accused. The significance of the level of turpitude is a precondition to the accused's guilt. Criminal law has instituted two methods of assessing this degree of moral guilt. The first method lies in the distinction between acts of preparation and acts of perpetration. According to this article, the primary end of distinguishing between preparatory acts and the actus reus of attempts is not to secure evidence of the accused's illicit purpose; it is instead to ascertain the accused's firmness of purpose. The law thus proceeds with an examination of the actual degree of moral guilt through the actus reus test; it is therefore misleading to assert that the mental element is far more important than the actus reus in the law of attempts. The distinct definition ascribed to mens rea in the field of attempts is in fact criminal law's second method of gauging whether the accused has the requisite level of moral guilt. The last part of this text examines the validity of these conclusions as regards impossible attempts. The elevated degree of turpitude required of the accused does not call in and of itself for penal sanctions. The notion of prejudice retains its central importance here as well. The accused's guilt depends on whether or not the contemplated prejudice is already sanctioned by criminal law. Hence the need to differentiate between unattainable offences and inexistent ones.
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1170.