Abstracts
Résumé
À partir d’une réflexion sur l’évolution des collections et des expositions d’artefacts et d’objets d’art amérindiens aux États-Unis depuis le 19e siècle, l’auteur brosse un tableau des principales mutations des pratiques de catégorisation et d’exposition des collections ethnographiques aux États-Unis. Si au 19e siècle la rage de l’ordre incite les conservateurs à organiser les collections à partir de critères de forme et de fonctions des objets, au tournant du 20e siècle, sous l’influence de Franz Boas, ils s’appuient de plus en plus sur la géographie et les histoires culturelles pour catégoriser les objets et construire de nouvelles typologies. En muséologie, cette nouvelle orientation s’est traduite par les dioramas destinés à reconstituer un aspect du mode de vie traditionnel d’un groupe donné. Plus récemment, les musées américains tendent à esthétiser fortement les artefacts amérindiens pour en faire des objets d’art alors que les Amérindiens « patrimoinisent » les objets rapatriés des musées d’État.
Mots clés:
- Krech,
- art amérindien,
- muséologie,
- diorama
Abstract
Reflecting on changes in the collections and exhibitions of Amerindian fine art objects and artifacts in the United States since the 19th century, the author outlines the principal transformations in the way ethnographic collections have been categorized and displayed. In the 19th century, the mania for order led curators to organize collections based on form and function. However, in the early 20th century, under the influence of Franz Boas, geography and cultural histories were increasingly used to categorize objects and build new typologies. In museology, this new approach found expression in dioramas that aimed to reconstitute an aspect of the traditional lifestyle of a particular group. More recently, American museums have had a strong tendency to aestheticize Amerindian artifacts, focusing on their qualities as fine art, while Amerindians have focused instead on the “heritage value” of objects repatriated from State museums.
Key words:
- Krech,
- Amerindian art,
- museology,
- diorama
Resumen
A partir de una reflexión sobre la evolución de las colecciones y de las exposiciones de artefactos y objetos de arte amerindios en los Estados Unidos desde el siglo XIX, el autor bosqueja un cuadro de las principales mutaciones de las prácticas de clasificación y de exposición de las colecciones etnográficas en los Estados Unidos. Si en el siglo XIX, la pasión por el orden incita a los conservadores a organizar las colecciones basándose en criterios de forma y de función de los objetos, al iniciarse el siglo XX, gracias a la influencia de Franz Boas, se apoyan cada vez más en la geografía y la historia cultural para clasificar los objetos y construir nuevas topologías. En museología, esta nueva orientación se traduce en los dioramas destinados a reconstituir aspectos de la vida tradicional de un grupo dado. Últimamente, los museos americanos tienden a estatizar fuertemente los artefactos amerindios para convertirlos en objetos de arte mientras que los Amerindios ‘patrimonializan’ los objetos que han repatriado.
Palabras clave:
- Krech,
- arte amerindio,
- museología,
- dioramas
Appendices
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