Abstracts
Résumé
La Constitution de l’Inde promettait de transformer la société hiérarchique en instaurant une communauté civique d’égaux. Les études anthropologiques montrent cependant que le statut de la citoyenneté en Inde et le faisceau de droits qui lui sont associés constituent le terrain de formulation de revendications et de contestations quotidiennes. Sur ce terrain, l’intermédiation est très importante, en partie à cause du pouvoir infrastructurel relativement limité de l’État et de son échec à assurer l’alphabétisation et l’éducation minimale de la population. Le fait que les « citoyens » doivent négocier avec l’État et la façon dont pour cela ils ont fréquemment besoin d’intermédiaires ont pour conséquence la création d’une hiérarchie de citoyens (ou plus exactement de citoyens, de clients et de quémandeurs) au lieu de la citoyenneté égale pour tous que promettait la Constitution.
Mots clés:
- Harriss,
- citoyenneté,
- société civile,
- clientélisme,
- démocratie,
- pouvoir infrastructurel,
- patronage,
- société politique
Abstract
The promise of the Constitution of India was for the transformation of a hierarchical society through the establishment of a civic community of equals. Anthropological studies show, however, that the status of citizenship in India and the bundle of rights associated with it, constitutes a terrain of claims-making and of everyday contestation. On this terrain intermediation is very important, partly because of the relatively limited infrastructural power of the state, and its failure to ensure the basic literacy and education of the population. The consequence is that through the negotiations in which ‘citizens’ must engage with the state, and the ways in which they are so frequently mediated, a hierarchy of citizens (or, more accurately, of citizens, clients and supplicants) is established rather than the equal citizenship promised in the Constitution.
Keywords:
- Harriss,
- citizenship,
- civil society,
- clientelism,
- democracy,
- infrastructural power,
- patronage,
- political society
Resumen
La Constitución de la India prometía transformar la sociedad jerárquica gracia a la instauración de una comunidad cívica de iguales. Los estudios antropológicos muestran, sin embargo, que el estatus de ciudadanía en la India y el conjunto de derechos que le están asociados constituyen un campo para la formulación de reivindicaciones y de protestas cotidianas. En este campo, la intermediación es muy importante, debido parcialmente al poder infraestructural relativamente limitado del Estado y de su fracaso en garantizar la alfabetización y la educación mínima de la población. El hecho que los «ciudadanos» deban negociar con el Estado y requieran intermediarios para hacerlo provocan la creación de una jerarquia de ciudadanos (o más exactamente de ciudadanos, clientes y necesitados) en lugar de la ciudadanía de igualdad para todos que prometía la Constitución.
Palabras clave:
- Harriss,
- ciudadanía,
- sociedad civil,
- clientelismo,
- democracia,
- poder infraestructural,
- patronazgo,
- sociedad política
Appendices
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