Abstracts
Abstract
Due to its manipulative potential and ability to create deliberate distortions, translation has become instrumental for many projects that involve culture and identity manipulations. In some political and social contexts, translation may serve as a driving force for deliberate and consistent intervention by power holders in order to modify and exploit the nation’s mindset, its cultures and identities for political purposes. For such manipulative strategies, translation becomes essential as it contributes to the propagation of a given ideology by conveying it in different languages, and aids in creating and sustaining a state-sponsored conformist identity. This paper analyzes such a case in relation to the evolution of Soviet translation and translatology in the context of a totalitarian state. By examining the role of translation in a series of forced cultural reorientations that are a part of Russian national history, we explore how translation was used to impose a supranational Soviet identity. We also present how the ongoing disputes surrounding translation policies and translation methods in the Socialist state resulted in the emergence of two opposing schools of thought: one that studied translation within the paradigms of structuralist linguistics, and the other that advocated for a literary approach. By framing our analysis of the Russian translatological discourse within the context of Soviet ideology and the rise of totalitarianism, we demonstrate how each of the schools manipulated the official state ideology in a struggle for recognition. We also seek to explain how linguistic structuralism came to represent the dominant theoretical framework for Soviet translation science, thus relegating to oblivion the “realist” approach to translation.
Keywords:
- translation,
- identity,
- culture planning,
- Soviet Union,
- totalitarianism
Résumé
En raison de son potentiel de manipulation et de sa capacité à créer des distorsions délibérées, la traduction a toujours joué un rôle important dans de nombreux projets qui impliquaient la manipulation de cultures et d’identités. D’ailleurs, dans certains contextes politiques et sociaux, la traduction pourrait servir de système propulseur aux interventions délibérées des agents de pouvoir visant à changer et à exploiter les états d’esprit, les cultures et les identités au sein d’un peuple, dans le cadre d’un régime politique en vigueur. La traduction devient indispensable à de telles stratégies manipulatrices, parce qu’elle contribue à la propagation d’une idéologie donnée, et ce, dans différentes langues, et qu’elle aide à créer et à maintenir une identité conformiste soutenue par l’État. Cet article analyse ce type de cas par rapport à l’évolution de la traduction et de la traductologie soviétiques dans un contexte totalitaire. En examinant le rôle de la traduction dans une série de réorientations culturelles forcées qui font partie de l’histoire nationale russe, nous explorons comment la traduction a été utilisée pour créer et imposer une identité soviétique supranationale. Nous montrons aussi comment les débats autour des politiques et de la « bonne » méthode de traduction qui convient à la réalité de l’État socialiste ont abouti à l’émergence de deux écoles de pensée opposées : l’une favorisant une approche de linguistique structuraliste et l’autre, une approche littéraire. En présentant notre analyse du discours traductologique russe du point de vue de l’idéologie du régime totalitaire soviétique, nous démontrons comment chacune des écoles manipulait l’idéologie communiste dans sa course pour la reconnaissance officielle. Nous expliquons également comment le structuralisme linguistique est devenu le courant théorique dominant en traduction soviétique et comment l’approche rivale de la traduction « réaliste » est tombée dans l’oubli.
Mots-clés :
- traduction,
- identité,
- interventions culturelles,
- Union soviétique,
- totalitarisme
Appendices
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