Abstracts
Résumé
Face aux phénomènes de disparition et de fragmentation des habitats, le développement de réseaux écologiques, c’est-à-dire de milieux naturels interconnectés, est une solution largement préconisée par la littérature. Or depuis peu, la lumière artificielle nocturne est reconnue comme une source nouvelle de fragmentation. Effectivement, l’éclairage nocturne altère les déplacements de la faune et dégrade la qualité des habitats utilisés par la biodiversité nocturne. Un effet barrière net est aussi mis en évidence pour certains animaux incapables de franchir les ruptures du noir engendrées par la lumière. L’intégration de cette problématique dans les réseaux écologiques est donc nécessaire, mais celle-ci pose des questions nouvelles pour les acteurs opérationnels. Cet article propose ainsi des pistes méthodologiques pour prendre en compte la pollution lumineuse dans les réseaux écologiques. Selon les étapes du processus, la pollution lumineuse peut être traitée lors de l’identification même des éléments du réseau (noeuds, liens), lors de la localisation de zones de conflits provoquées par la lumière artificielle sur le réseau ou encore par l’intermédiaire d’actions de gestion de l’éclairage. En outre, cet article propose une première réflexion sur les paramètres d’éclairage à considérer. La pollution lumineuse se traduit en effet par différents phénomènes qu’il est nécessaire de traduire en métriques, à la fois quantitatives (ex. : niveaux d’éclairement) et qualitatives (ex. : spectres), cartographiables pour les réseaux écologiques. Un travail doit aussi être mené pour dresser une liste d’espèces cibles particulièrement sensibles à la lumière nocturne, permettant de définir des seuils de bascules à considérer pour les réseaux écologiques.
Mots-clés :
- éclairage nocturne,
- lumière artificielle,
- trame verte et bleue,
- trame noire,
- corridors,
- fragmentation des habitats,
- biodiversité nocturne
Abstract
In response to habitat fragmentation, scientific literature recommends ecological networks, which are natural areas interconnected structurally and functionally. Recently, artificial light at night (ALAN) is recognized as a new cause of habitat fragmentation. Indeed, light pollution modifies animal mobility and degrades quality of habitats used by biodiversity at night. It can be also a real barrier for some species that are not able to cross lighting areas. All those impacts imply that light pollution be integrated into ecological networks but this need raises new questions for practitioners. This article proposes some solutions to planify ecological networks integrating light pollution, from their building to their implementation. ALAN can be covered at different steps of the process : 1) to design a dark ecological network (cores and corridors), 2) to locate conflictual zones between green infrastructure and lightings or even 3) to plan actions to reduce light pollution in the ecological network. This article proposes also first indications about lighting parameters that have to be considered in an ecological network for biodiversity. Indeed, light pollution causes several kinds of problems to biodiversity that have to be translated into quantitative and qualitative variables - and next into maps - for ecological networks. Furthermore, a list of species that are particularly sensitive to ALAN should be provided to determine switching thresholds for ecological networks.
Keywords:
- green infrastructure,
- light pollution,
- corridors,
- artificial light at night,
- habitat fragmentation
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