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A Turning Point for the Islamic Republic ?, by Jean-François BayartHashemi Rafsandjani has shown great diplomatie skill in exploiting the new situation created by the Gulf War, and Western Europe must be resolute in its response. The problems of the Islamic Republic are especially pressing after 10 years of war, erratic government and disinvestment. The easing of domestic political pressures has favoured Rafsandjani. He has accumulated power at the cost of the religious extremists. This tendency is likely to be confirmed by the parliamentary elections of 1992. Nevertheless, Iran's economie prospects are not bright. Its petroleum revenues will not be sufficient to finance reconstruction. External borrowing is a possibility because of low indebtedness but there are risks of accentuating deeprooted speculative tenden-cies, which are not solely due to the current monetary and banking confusion. The path towards economie recovery will be ail the more difficult because Iran possesses no genuine entrepreneurial class and fiscal stabilisation would clash with very solid vested interest. One wonders if the Islamic Republic retains sufficient economie credibility and political legitimacy to impose the overdue structural adjustment, which the government, intoxicated by the inflow of petrodollars, failed to carry out in 1978-1979.
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This article presents the experience of a cooperative savings and loan institution (Crédit du Sahel) that has been trying to reduce poverty through some innovative schemes in a country (Cameroon) where the level of poverty is quite high. This micro-credit structure has created a very attractive form of small loans that enable borrowers to pay for shipments or orders, replace small farming equipment, or purchase agricultural inputs. Some of these programs stem from development projects in conjunction with the European Union. While the resulting income allows communities to pay off their debts, more importantly it offers them a means for feeding themselves and slowly overcoming uncertainty and pervasive poverty.
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According to a deeply rooted conception, the translation of specialized discourses would only have to play a role of reproduction: in itself, it would not bring anything else than what was previously present in the original. From this point of view, translation is therefore a purely technical act. The teacher will have to defend the idea of translation as rewriting in order to show the creative dimension of pragmatic translations. This “creative translation” would be distinguished from “mimetic translation,” which requires the translator to propose solutions that are both new and appropriate. And even though technological skills have been added to the translator's skill set, nothing seems to call into question the fundamental skills of translation, despite the evolution of the profession towards post-editing and the development of technologies. The role of the post-editor is to ensure the cohesion and coherence of the text, to ensure fidelity to the source text, sometimes at the expense of the fluidity of the language. In other words, it is essential to train good translators beforehand in order to bring human and artificial intelligence into symbiosis later on. We will illustrate our conception of translation through Arabic texts on Fintech to show that here too the translator's place is a one of tension and creation on the conceptual and linguistic levels.
Keywords: compétence traductive, traduction créationnelle, contraintes et normes, appropriation du texte, fintech, translation competence, creative translation, constraints and norms, text appropriation, Fintech, competencia de traducción, traducción creacional, exigencias y normas, apropiación del texto, Fintech
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The civil war in Lebanon (1975-1990) and the socio-economic crisis which it had produced provoked a massive emigration of Lebanese. For this emigration, France constitues an important space of attraction. The Lebanese presence in France indicates a new type of immigration by its sociale structure of elite and the size of investment. During a quiete shorte period, the Lebanese have succeded to install an economic complexe disproportionate to their nombre. The insertion of the Lebanese ethnic economy in France relies on the diaspora dynamic : an intensive specialization in tertairy sector, a good organization of the ethnic economy and a perfect functioning of the diaspora network.
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Notable and Exile. Figures of Eminence as a Social and Religious Dynamics in Iranian Society Fariba AdelkhahThe eminent man is omnipresent in Iranian political Society. It is he in particular who forms the link between state power and the regional, ethnic and religious diversity in a multicultural, multilingual and multiconfessional country. The continuity of the eminent man from the Empire to the Islamic Republic also defies the discontinuity of this transition. In the provinces the role played by such men, particularly at the time of elections, is considerable. At the same time, the act of running for office is a way of being recognised as a notable or as an eminent man (motamed), despite perhaps the minimal chance of being elected. However, eminence has no border and can not be reduced nor to a given social group neither to a particular geographical frame, and one can become eminent in exile where the adventure often provides specifie resources for becoming notable. Thus, the currency market has represented since 1980 a significant resource for exiles, taking in to account the continuous weakness and depreciation of the rial between 1980 and 2001. The investments which the Diaspora's notables lavish on their beneficiaries have thus become truly spectacular. This work analyses the notables' beneficence activities, on the one hand, as a facet of the recomposition of the Iranian community in diasporas and, on the other, as a shifted inquiry into one of the most ancient institutions of their homeland, the vaqf.