Documents found
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2081.
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2082.
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2087.More information
This note analyses the origin and evolution of the concepts anddefinitions used in the language questions included in Canadiancensuses from 1901, the year of the first census to ask questions onlanguage, to 1961. The note first examines the origin of languagequestions : why it was decided to ask such questions in Canada in1901 ? What were the international as well as domestic influencesthat may have motivated their inclusion in the censusquestionnaire ? This is followed by a detailed analysis ofconcepts and questions on the knowledge of official languages andmother tongue. To do this, we used many sources : thequestionnaires themselves, the instructions given to enumerators, theanalytical documents and other writings published by statisticalauthorities, and the 1901 to 1951 census micro-data files which wereuseful for providing some more technical details.
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2089.More information
Recently, international commercial law has been marked by an extraordinary fact, which was the negotiation and the extinction, almost in stealth of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA). When negotiating the Agreement, the sponsors of the ACTA presented it as the right covenant to fight the exponential growth of counterfeiting goods in international business. Notwithstanding, ACTA raised up unprecedented controversy that led to its rejection by the European Parliament on July 4th 2012; instead, the United States that negotiated the ACTA in the form of a “Sole Executive Agreement” have never definitively ratified it. Does the rejection of the ACTA mean international commercial law will now lack safeguards against counterfeiting?This paper aims at examining the legal means, in international contract law, devoted to protect a buyer against the sale of counterfeiting goods that he reasonably thinks do not infringe any third party's intellectual property right, whereas the vendor of such goods knows they do. Drawing on the civil laws of Quebec and France is a mean to support the arguments set in this paper, because international law generally has its best field of expression in national area.