Documents found
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531.More information
When the Revolutionary government in France declared Freedom of the Press in 1789 it did not anticipate the flow of counter-revolutionary pamphlets attacking its decision to nationalize the French Church and require all clergy to swear an oath to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. This article examines the conditions surrounding the printing of these religious pamphlets by investigating the career of one provincial printer in the border town of Metz—Jean-Baptiste Collignon—who worked with émigré bishops to produce them and who was guillotined in 1794 for counterrevolutionary activities. The authors explore the production and distribution of religious pamphlets, the ideological commitment of revolutionary printers, and the regional nature of censorship in the early French Revolution.
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532.
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533.More information
The journey of the Abenaki chief Nescambiouit (around 1660-1727), represents admirably the ups and downs of the French-Abenaki alliance. He actively participates in numerous raids, from Massachusetts to Newfoundland, where he joins French expeditions in order to expel the English from the territory. Following the Treaty of Utrecht, which ended this war, France decides to give up the Abenakis’ land, without their consent. As a result, Nescambiouit moves among the Fox (Outagamis), west of Lake Michigan, where that nation still resists the French subjugation. Nescambiouit’s relations with the insubordinate Fox compromise the French- Abenaki alliance. French authorities fear that their allies at Odanak and Wôlinak will stay faithful to Nescambiouit, a well respected chief, and this decision may weaken the strength of the French colony. During this period, the colonial archives abound with evidence which confirms the French necessity of maintaining the friendship and the support of the Abenakis, as well as with Nescambiouit. The Abenakis also need this relation to maintain their integrity.
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535.More information
The Petit-Poitou Company stands out as the first successful large-scale drainage enterprise in France. Created in 1640 by a group of local officials and landowners, by 1646 the Company had completed the operation of draining nearly 4,000 hectares of marshland for farming. This article examines the seventy years following this initial success in order to better understand how the Company overcame significant environmental, social, and political challenges to emerge as a stable and profitable enterprise. This success was highly improbable. Flood disasters, dissension amongst the associates, the actions of tenant farmers, and challenges from regional competitors all threatened to destroy its work. But the Company was able to learn from its early mistakes, build consensus internally, and defend itself from the legal attacks of its rivals through a flexible but firm leadership model and a solid understanding of territorial management and court patronage. This article is based on original research using the unique and previously little-known records of the General Assembly of the Petit-Poitou Company and proposes a more comprehensive view of this period of development for the Company. In other words, it offers a microhistorical analysis that can add to current debate about human agency in the environmental and social history fields.
Keywords: Marshland, drainage, management, agriculture, company, state, Marais, drainage, gestion, agriculture, société, état, Tierras inundadas, drenaje, gestión, agricultura, sociedad, Estado
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540.More information
AbstractAn examination of the distribution system for cod in France during the 18th century reveals that this product was largely consumed in the towns, particularly those along the coast. Contrary to the statements of many contemporaries, cod was an expensive and much sought-after foodstuff, particularly among well-to-do city dwellers. There were, however, a number of changes in demand during the century, which are tracable to the wartime situation, shifts in taste, and the failure to observe religious prohibitions regarding the eating of meat.