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Of Breton origin and Québécoise by adoption, Marie Le Franc (1879-1964) spent her life going back and forth between the two shores of the Atlantic. Both her novels and her travel books emphasize the relation of human beings with space: landscapes play a key role, determining plot as well as characters' traits, passions and actions. This article suggests that the works be seen as geographical novels whose purpose is to write (graphi-) a particular region of the Earth (geo-); and it proposes to study, from this point of view, the first woman's literary foray into the Nordic forest, i.e., the novel Hélier, fils des bois (Paris, Rieder, “Prosateurs français contemporains,” 1930). The study uses multidisciplinary theories of landscape and reflections on the imaginary world of the forest to examine two complementary thrusts : the construction of the forest landscape and the dynamics of otherness. Given that Hélier appears to be the product of the forest around Lake Tremblant in the Laurentians, and that he plays the part of a mediator between this forest and the young Frenchwoman who is spending her vacation there, otherness would seem to be the story's dynamic principle.
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Educating two year-olds is particular to France, and this article presents research on this grade level. The French Ministry of Education takes these very young school children into account in its programs and integrates the results of the research presented in this article into its directives. Social interactionism is the primary reference for the work, with emphasis on the role of the teacher’s words. However, educating two year-olds is periodically the object of debates in France, which focus on the contradictory results related to the effects of early education. It is proving necessary to implement a specific and multidimensional research program to identify the conditions and the effectiveness of early education on school success compared to other types of early child-care.
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The aim of this research was to study the effect of school transport on the levels of and variations in attention and sleep in 31 seven to eight year-old pupils. The attention level was measured using number and picture cancellation tests and the tests were taken collectively with four sittings per day from Monday to Friday (9.00 am, 11.30 am, 1.30 pm and 4.00 pm). To study sleep patterns the families filled in a standardised question grid from Monday to Sunday.
Keywords: variations, attention, sommeil, transports scolaires, synchroniseurs, variations, attention, sleep, school transport, synchronisers
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Deeply rooted in the local community, the fishing industry has a unique mutual-aid and solidarity network, which was the foundation for the first fishing cooperatives created in the late 19th century. In addition to its local ties, the fishing cooperative movement today has a national dimension through the various organizations that unite consulting, purchasing, credit, insurance and marketing cooperatives, all working together to help fishermen in their difficult occupation. The article describes the key issues identified by the Confédération de la coopération, de la mutualité et du crédit maritimes (Confederation of Maritime Cooperatives, Mutual Societies and Credit Unions), which also represents the sector on the European and international level.