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In secondary education, blogs may be considered as extensions of literature classes through the exchanges between student readers. Such blogs offer both innovative learning situations and useful traces to track learning effects. This article will comment upon the findings of a study addressing asynchronous exchanges aimed at the training of secondary education students as literature readers. Moreover, the evolution of subjective readings through sequences of online publications will be analyzed.

Keywords: blogue et forum scolaire, lecture littéraire, lecture impliquée, textes de lecteur, texte de lecture, academic blogs and forums, literary reading, subjective reading, reader's text, reading text

This interview realized by Études internationales with two experts of Ukraine shows that the position of France over the conflict in Ukraine has evolved since the annexation of Crimea in 2014. Although the French diplomacy has refused to acknowledge the annexation of Crimea, it has first relied on the mediation of the conflict through the “Normandy framework” and took some time to distance itself from Putin's Russia. The all-out war declared by Russia in 2022 has prompted Emmanuel Macron to overtly support Ukraine and to firmly condemn the Russian invasion. However, the French political class and the media are not always wholly in tune with a resolute support to Ukraine and a clear condemnation of Russia.

Keywords: assistance militaire, atlantisme, désinformation, format de Normandie, guerre russo-ukrainienne, relation franco-russe, sanctions, atlanticism, disinformation, Franco-Russian relationship, military assistance, Normandy format, Russian-Ukrainian war, sanctions

Since 1945, international organizations have established themselves as essential arenas for foreign policy. However, despite an intensification of editorial activity in the immediate post-Cold War period, multilateralism at the beginning of the 2000s was only a residual field of french-speaking international studies. Addressing international organizations as a “major form of international action” and striving to increase their intelligibility presupposes breaking with an understanding of global governance as the sole output of power politics. This intellectual enterprise –which quickly took on collective dimensions (co-writing and co-direction of books, direction of Master's theses and doctoral theses, creation and animation of the Research Group on Multilateral Action)– is also one of rehabilitation of solidarity and cooperation as key concepts to reading the international political game. Rather than permanence and hierarchies, Guillaume Devin favors the study of the leeway, interplay of actors, and the evolving functionality that affect international institutions.

Keywords: Guillaume Devin, multilatéralisme, organisations internationales, diplomatie, Guillaume Devin, multilateralism, international organizations, diplomacy

The International Civil Defence Organisation (ICDO), an intergovernmental organisation created thirty years ago, is now candidate for the status of the specialised institution of the United Nations. The United Nations constituted a network of specialised institutions, determining the action in the domain of technical collaboration. The ICDO has now to adapt to requirements of the status obtained before United Nations. The access procedure differed according to applicable texts. Even through texts are unambiguous, it seems that political aspects play an important role next to technical requirements. In order to benefit from the status and function according to the criterion of the specialised institution, the ICDO has to adjust its organisation and functioning especially having on mind the question of representatives of the member states and their status, as well as budgetary and financial questions.

Research Framework : During the first wave of COVID-19, practices in French maternity hospitals were heterogeneous, and restrictions mainly concerned the presence of accompanying persons and the requirement to wear a mask. Objectives  : We analyzed the impacts of the pandemic on the organization of care in the MaNaO birthing center on the island of Reunion, as well as the experiences of midwives, women who gave birth and their families. Methodology : In 2021 and 2022, as part of the MaterCovid-19 research project (ANR), we carried out a study involving participatory observation and semi-structured interviews (n=34) with midwives and women at the birthing center, called MaNaO, on the island of Reunion. Results : Our results show that while the health crisis has reinforced the medicalization of birth center spaces, MaNaO has been described by women and midwives as a pandemic-proof place, or a “COVID-free bubble”. Thanks to the human and intimate nature of all the care provided, the philosophy and independent access to the facility, which guarantees that every woman is supported during her examinations and on the day of delivery, as well as the early return home that is characteristic of this facility, the birth center has succeeded in protecting women and their families from the psychological and sometimes dehumanizing shock of the health crisis. Conclusions  : This research highlights the fact that the current demands from women and their families are not just about de-medicalization, but also about preserving the family nature of childbirth. It also points to the absolute necessity of reinforcing women’s emotional security.Contributions  : At a time when birthing centers are being tested in France, the results of this research could contribute to the social and political debate.

Keywords: accouchement, maternité, sage-femmes, COVID-19, santé, childbirth, maternity, midwives, COVID-19, health, parto, maternidad, parteras, COVID-19, salud