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Les projets interdisciplinaires constituent rarement le terrain des études sur le processus de conception en design. Les théories générales du design, en tentant de définir ce qui est commun à toutes les disciplines du design, ont davantage étudié les cas typiques que les cas atypiques. Or, nous croyons qu’il existe dans les projets interdisciplinaires une négociation argumentative et une ouverture vers l’autre, propice à l’analyse du processus de conception en design. Pour réaliser l’étude de ce processus, la stratégie empruntée a été la «recherche-projet» qui propose une participation active sur le terrain. À l’intérieur de cette stratégie méthodologique, nous avons réalisé l’étude de cas d’un projet hybride, une signalétique identitaire destinée à marquer les écocentres montréalais et orienter leurs usagers. Comme plusieurs autres pratiques du …
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In this paper, a reaction is presented to Siegel’s claim that the pragma-dialectical theory of argumentation ignores or neglects epistemological viewpoints that he finds vital to any normative theory of argumentation. The focus is on the most important problems in Siegel’s argument: 1) the ambiguity of the term ‘argument’ and the alleged negligence of this ambiguity in pragma-dialectics; 2) the critical rational perspective of the pragma-dialectical account; and 3) the alleged negligence of the “abstract propositional sense” of argument in pragma-dialectics.
Keywords: conventional validity, critical discussion, epistemology, pragma-dialectics, problem validity
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AbstractIt has been shown empirically that a certain type of text coherence is established by means of the argumentative value of certain linguistic expressions. In this paper, I give an explanation of this fact in pragmatic terms, showing that the use of argumentative expressions constitutes for the enunciator a specific illocutionary act, an "argumentative act". I propose a distinction between four types of consistency, which are activated by the argumentative act, namely an epistemic, a polyphonic, a topical and an orientative type of consistency.
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At the very heart of polemos, the conflict which rules the world, the philosophy of Heraclitus suggests the possible existence of a specific dialogical alchemy, able to turn the lead of opposition into the gold of cooperation. Not in spite of war, but – as delicate as the premise could be judged – thanks to it. This article translates this intuition to the specific context of international relations. Referring to the theory of argumentation (from Aristotle to some recent developments of the informal logic), it redefines war as a “convergent eristic syllogism” and recognizes the validity of the heraclitean harmoniè, provided that the logic of armed conflict remains dependent on its enunciative context, itself shaped by the tragic rationality constitutive of any political opposition.
Keywords: guerre, logique informelle, éristique, Héraclite, relations internationales, war, informal logic, eristic, Heraclitus, international relations, Guerra, lógica informal, erístico, Heráclito, relaciones internacionales
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We analyze four calls to action issued by the British Columbia Teachers' Federation (BCTF) president, Jim Iker. These appeals sought to mobilize members during the 2013-2014 collective bargaining that pitted the BCTF against the British Columbia government and the direct employer, the British Columbia Public School Employers' Association. We apply a “theory of rhetoric” developed by Chaim Perelman to locate and analyze the topics the BCTF president used to persuade his members to adhere to his arguments about the merit of collective action.We argue that the president constructed his rhetoric by visiting five topics—urgency, fairness, futility, agency, and integrity. The first three promoted a utilitarian logic for collective action. Iker used them to persuade teachers, and other stakeholders, that collective action was necessary for addressing the problem—the futility of the bargaining process to produce a negotiated fair agreement due to the government's reluctance to bargain in good faith. The last two topics—agency and integrity—comprised a rhetoric of comfort and reassurance offering an affective logic for acting collectively. At least some union members, as well as other stakeholders, might have felt that teachers are expected to care for their charges in the classroom rather than on the picket line, by withdrawing services they monopolize. Iker used the topics of agency and integrity to remind everyone that defending students, young teachers, the teaching profession, and the education system was commendable, and reassured them that collectively they would not be ignored and nor would they fail.In short, we have pointed out five topics that the president visited to mobilize his members to collective action. They highlight a unique rhetoric that aimed to persuade teachers to become agents of protest. Our case study methodology did not allow us to generalize our findings, which more research is, thus, needed to corroborate.
Keywords: rhetoric, labour conflict, teachers, collective action, government, rhétorique, conflit de travail, enseignants, action collective, gouvernement, retorica, conflicto laboral, profesores, acción colectiva, gobierno