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Nous analysons via des modèles de régression économétriques l'effet des dépenses du gouvernement sur la croissance économique du Cap-Vert. Afin de cerner cet effet, nous avons considéré des variables macroéconomiques souvent considérées lors de la détermination de la croissance économique et en tenant également compte de l'évolution récente de l'économie capverdienne. La revue de la littérature théorique et empirique montre qu'il n'existe pas de consensus autour des résultats de l'impact des dépenses gouvernementales sur la croissance. Nos estimations basées sur des données provenant essentiellement de la Penn World Table nous permettent d'évaluer à quel point nos résultats corroborent les conclusions des travaux de référence utilisés dans notre étude. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Dépenses du gouvernement, Croissance économique, PIB, Productivité, Cap-Vert. [Croissance économique, Dépenses publiques, …
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Brazilian race relations have been characterized as harmonious, in contrast with those of the United States, by a long line of scholars, from Gilberto Freyre to his latter-day critic, Marvin Harris. Harris, while castigating Freyre for a too-rosy view of relations between blacks and whites during the slavery era, argues that Brazilian race relations today are “remarkably free from conflict”. Indeed, he says, Brazilian racial terminology precludes the possibility of widespread or serious racism. The terminology comprises hundreds of categories and is applied differently by different individuals, depending on their wealth or on how the categories are perceived by the person doing the categorizing. This is contrasted with the relatively rigid, black-white distinctions of the United States, where ancestry is said to be the criterion of racial placement. The present critique of Harris' position is based on research in Cabo Verde, a Portuguese colony until 1975. This archipelago, located some three hundred miles from the African coast in the Atlantic, has an Afro-Portuguese, Creole-speaking population of some 280 000. Racial terminology was studied using the same technique as that designed and used by Harris for his work in Brazil. It was found to resemble the Brazilian one in that it included many categories that were employed differently by different individuals. Under colonial rule, Cabo Verde had a class-colour hierarchy similar to that of Brazil, in that lighter skin colour and so-called “white features” were associated with higher class status. Evidence is given to show that racism in the form of stereotypes and discriminatory practices was prevalent despite this “multi-category” racial terminology. The class System of Cabo Verde is described, and the relationship between class and race discussed; i.e., how racism was an essential support of the colonial class System, and the ways in which different classes were implicated in the dominant racial ideology. (As in Brazil, one tenet of that ideology was that racism did not exist in the society). Evidence is adduced to suggest that in Brazil, racial stereotypes and discriminatory practices also occur. Harris is criticized for overstating the variety and ambiguity of Brazilian terminology, while failing to relate terminology with everyday social practice in different contexts. This, along with an inadequate notion of ideology, lead him to perceive Brazilian race relations in a way that is little different from the favoured image of that nation's propagandists.
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In the archipelago of Cape Verde located off shore the Atlantic Ocean, on the island of Fogo, multiple small volcanoes have erupted over the last few centuries, shaping the island with mounds, visible lava flows, and many uninhabitable and uncultivable areas. The Creole populations who live in contact with Pico de Fogo developped an ambivalent relationship with their volcano that opens up exceptional opportunities for tourism and agricultural activities, especially in an archipelago where access to water remains the greatest challenge. Even though the last eruption in 2014 destroyed their homes, some families have decided to return to live at the foot of the volcano, also taking advantage of the financial resources that the volcano provides. Through the notion of compensation and vitality, the mechanisms of resilience and the subsistence strategies that accompany the return of the Chã inhabitants to the outskirts of Pico do Fogo are examined.
Keywords: Cap-Vert, volcan, subsistance, mort, destruction, vitalité, Cabo Verde, volcán, subsistencia, muerte, destrucción, vitalidad
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This text is based on an ethnographic field started in 2003 (27 missions to date) about Cape Verdean families facing migration. The article analyses the way women, confronted with economic insecurity, consider their child desires. The singular history that produced the Cape Verdean family promotes a mistrust between the sexes, and a real fragility of alliances, with official marriages generally resulting from calculations. The child desires concentrates then all the strategies. In this context, the mother-child relationship, and more particularly the mother-son relationship, becomes decisive and establishes the « matrifocal family », which at the same time plays a role in the quest for the long-term safety of mothers. From the moment of its conception, the unborn child is already « in charge » of the survival of his mother. The child's education is crucial, as the acceptance of the project for which he or she was conceived must be transmitted. Once adult, the question becomes simpler : how can he live as a man, with all the moral debt he owes to his mother, and as the same time turn to the mother(s) of his children ? In this context, collaboration between a man and a woman depends on what the partners can bring to each other.
Keywords: Laurent, Cap-Vert, migration, enfants, filiation, relation mère-fils, éducation, parenté, États-Unis, Laurent, Cape Verde, Migration, Children, Filiation, Mother-Son Relationship, Education, Kinship, United States, Laurent, Cabo Verde, migración, niños, filiación, relación madre-hijos,, educación, parentesco, Estados Unidos