Documents found
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8631.
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8632.More information
According to the United Nations, 68% of the global population will live in an urban environment by 2050. Consequently, local authorities are more and more called upon in matters related to human rights and international human rights standards. Such state of affairs coincides with a global movement towards the decentralisation of the responsibilities of central governments and of the attrition of consequent resources. The movement for human rights in the city emerged in such context and nowadays shows a strong level of institutionalisation. It raises the issue of the accountability of local authorities at the international level in matters related to human rights in the city. Despite the uncontested principle of the central and exclusive responsibility of states in international law in general, is it possible to attribute a certain level of accountability to local authorities in regard of international human rights law? In 2015, the UN Human Rights Council adopted a Report where it suggests principles in order to address this issue. The Council suggests that local authorities at least share with central governments a duty to coordinate efforts, policies and strategies aimed at promoting and protecting human rights. To this end, the Council strongly recommends constitutional arrangements. This article proposes an empirical assessment of the reception by UN human rights bodies of such proposal. In order to do so, it examined the assessment by those bodies of national human rights implementation processes: general and final observations following states' reports are considered in the case of treaty monitoring and Universal Periodic Review (UPR) is looked upon in the case of the Human Rights Council. In addition, the input of some NGOs is also analysed. In total, over 1 000 documents were identified with the help of keywords for the period 2009-2018. The data analysis brings us to conclude that the political and institutional movement for human rights in the city and the evaluative work done by the UN human rights bodies behave largely like ships passing through the night. The 2015 Human Rights Council is largely ignored by the latest. At best, they will invite states to consider a more effective multilevel coordinating effort at the domestic level, hereby timidly echoing the Report. This conclusion, although it falls in line with the theory of international public law, bare some nuances in the case of certain rights such as economic and social rights where the work of both the Committee on economic, social and cultural rights and the Committee on the rights of children offer interesting openings. For its part, the Human Rights Council is content with a recall of the conclusions of its 2015 Report. Coordination is the key concept when comes the time to examine the consequences for human rights implementation of urbanisation. Lastly, NGOs, much to our surprise, does not play a spear-heading role in front of UN human rights bodies when comes the time to conceptualise the distribution of responsibilities between different level of national authorities in a time of intense urbanisation. In conclusion, our analysis shows a thick sealing between the political and normative work of UN human rights bodies. It seems convenient, against all realities, to perpetuate in an almost simplistic way the subordinated role of local authorities in regard of the theory of international public law. Such conclusion may reassure international law experts. But in a world where some meta cities work with other meta cities more than with the states on which they depend, it may not be the end of the story.
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8634.More information
The objective of this research is to study children’s levels of engagement in their interactions with the teacher and peers in different classroom contexts (activities and groupings) in five-year-old’s preschool education. Using the Individual Classroom Assessment Scoring System (inCLASS), 113 children (66 girls and 47 boys) were observed. The results show that the children’s level of engagement in their interactions with the teacher is higher during routine and transition activities and shows no significant differences depending on the type of grouping. Children’s level of engagement in interactions with peers is higher in free play activities, workshops and grouping small groups. Classroom contexts modulate the children’s levels of engagement in interacting with others.
Keywords: engagement, contextes, activités, regroupement, éducation préscolaire
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8635.More information
As we are celebrating the 80th anniversary of the journal Insurance and Risk Management, the author traces the evolution of the journal founded by Gérard Parizeau in 1932. It is divided by five distinct periods, under different journal’s directions : the beginning (1932-1950); the rapidly developing period (1950-1975); the years under the ownership of Sodarcan group (1975-1995); the HEC Montréal period after 1996, and finally, a new stage beginning in 2011.For each period, the author underlines the evolution of Quebec as a whole regarding its social, economic and financial development, as well as the major changes in the insurance industry.
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8637.More information
AbstractThis article presents the action-research that is being carried out since year 2000, with the Mbya-Guarani population of Río Grande do Sul, Brazil. This study is intended to contribute to the programs that are being carried out, to deal with the excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages and their consequences, especially focusing on the identification of the subject being targeted.Traditionally, the substance “alcohol” is treated as the main subject for the design of programs, for reducing accessibility and consumption. This research is considered from an emic standpoint of study in which focalized ethnography enables the identification of explanatory models of beverage consumption by Guarani indigenous population.A fundamental aspect is the understanding of the notion of person and the traditional medical system, where the notion of “spirit” in this binary case enables the apprehension of the association of the alcohol's spirit that matches with the spirit of the drinker's telluric nature. In a broader sense, the social interpretation explains that the most exposed communities are those with no healing houses (Opy) because there is no tie with the creator god (Ñanderu) who protects from the dangers of sickness and from becoming alcoholics.Due to the lack of the proper health services to prevent and treat the problem of alcoholism, a network of healers and helpers was set up to operate in all the communities, and up to now, it has succeeded in reducing the consumption of beverages through the restitution of the divine spirit and community meetings.The VIGISUS project is a plan funded by the World Bank to develop a national health surveillance system, in which there is a component to develop the indigenous health system.
Keywords: Alcoolisme, guarani, santé mentale autochtone, perspective intraculturelle, guérisseurs, Brésil, Alcoholism, Guarani, indigenous mental health, intracultural perspective, folk healers, Brazil, Alcoholismo, gurarani, salud mental indígena, perspectiva intracultural, curanderos Brasil
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8638.
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8639.More information
This article provides a critical review and modeling of the concept of "value creation" from a literature analysis of the business model. The definitions of value creation are studied from the 50 most cited English-language articles whose titles contain value and creation. The analysis reveals five themes: nature of the value created for the customer, value architecture by the company, value perceived by the user, economic sharing between the stakeholders, co-creation of the value with these stakeholders. Our discussion is built around epistemological issues in a pragmatist perspective.
Keywords: création de valeur, modélisation, revue critique de littérature, analyse lexicale, modèle d'affaires, value creation, business modeling, critical review, lexical analysis, business model, creación de valor, modelado, revisión crítica de literatura, análisis léxico, modelo de negocio
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8640.More information
AbstractAdequate estimation of extreme hydrological variables is essential for the rational design and operation of a variety of hydraulic structures, due to the significant risk that is associated with these activities. Local frequency analysis is commonly used for the estimation of extreme hydrological events at sites where an adequate amount of data is available. However, data are usually only collected at a relatively limited number of sites. In practice, it frequently happens that little or no streamflow data is available at a site of interest (where a dam is to be constructed for example). In such cases, hydrologists can utilize a regional flood frequency procedure, relying on data available from other basins with a similar hydrologic regime.Various methods have been developed over the last few years for the regional analysis of extreme hydrological events. These regionalization approaches aim to estimate different characteristics of the extreme hydrological phenomena of interest, make different assumptions and hypotheses concerning these hydrological phenomena, rely on various types of data, and often fall under completely different theories. The present paper aims to review and classify recent developments in regional frequency analysis of extreme hydrological variables.The specific objectives of the paper are to: i) review the main recent developments in regional hydrologic modeling that have been proposed during the last few years; ii) classify these developments into different groups according to the theoretical background of the method, its specific objectives, and the characteristics of hydrological extreme phenomena it is intended to deal with; iii) propose a comprehensive discussion of these methods, and point out the hypotheses, limitations, data requirements, and potential of each one; iv) identify the new challenges facing engineers in terms of regional frequency analysis of hydrological extremes; and v) propose potential promising directions for future research work which aim to meet these new challenges.Recent developments reviewed in the present paper include improvements in classical approaches for regional delineation and for information transfer, methods combining the delineation and estimation steps, seasonality-based methods, multivariate models for regional frequency analysis, the QdF approach, non stationary models, and approaches for the combination of local and regional data. The paper provides also a discussion of the various hydrological variables treated with regional estimation methodologies, comparative studies of these methodologies, and practical tools that were developed for regional frequency analysis. It is hoped that this document will contribute towards closing the gap between theory and practice, by narrowing the wide body of literature that is available, and by providing comprehensive propositions for regional frequency analysis approaches that meet the new challenges facing hydrologic engineers.
Keywords: modèle régional, homogénéité, stationnarité, modèle multivarié, crue, étiage, analyse fréquentielle, modèle débit-durée-fréquence, corrélation canonique, régression, débit, regional model, homogeneity, stationarity, multivariate model, flood, low flow, frequency analysis, flow-duration-frequency model, canonical correlations, regression, runoff