Résumés
Abstract
Despite being a new term, ‘fake news’ has evolved rapidly. This paper argues that it should be reserved for cases of deliberate presentation of (typically) false or misleading claims as news, where these are misleading by design. The phrase ‘by design’ here refers to systemic features of the design of the sources and channels by which fake news propagates and, thereby, manipulates the audience’s cognitive processes. This prospective definition is then tested: first, by contrasting fake news with other forms of public disinformation; second, by considering whether it helps pinpoint conditions for the (recent) proliferation of fake news.
Résumé
En dépit de son utilisation récente, l’expression «fausses nouvelles» a évolué rapidement. Cet article soutient qu'elle devrait être réservée aux présentations intentionnelles d’allégations (typiquement) fausses ou trompeuses comme si elles étaient des nouvelles véridiques et où elles sont faussées à dessein. L'expression «à dessein» fait ici référence à des caractéristiques systémiques de la conception des sources et des canaux par lesquels les fausses nouvelles se propagent et par conséquent, manipulent les processus cognitifs du public. Cette définition prospective est ensuite mise à l’épreuve: d'abord, en opposant les fausses nouvelles à d'autres formes de désinformation publique; deuxièmement, en examinant si elle aide à cerner les conditions de la prolifération (récente) de fausses nouvelles.
Veuillez télécharger l’article en PDF pour le lire.
Télécharger
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Allcott, Hunt and Matthew Gentzkow. 2017. Social media and fake news in the 2016 election. Journal of Economic Perspectives 31(2): 211-236.
- Allport, Gordon W. and Leo Postman. 1947. The psychology of rumour. New York. Henry Holt & Co.
- Bakir, Vian and Andrew McStay. 2017. Fake news and the economy of emotions: problems, causes, solutions. Digital Journalism (DOI: 10.1080/21670811.2017.1345645).
- Baym, Geoffrey. 2005. The Daily Show: Discursive integration and the reinvention of political journalism. Political Communication 22(3): 259-276.
- BBC News. 2012. The Onion spoofs Iran news agency on Obama-Ahmadinejad story. URL accessed 30 August 2017: <http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-19764166>
- Berger, Jonah. 2011. Arousal increases social transmission of information. Psychological Science 22(7): 891-893.
- Bergmann, Jörg R. 1993. Discreet indiscretions: The social organization of gossip. New York. Aldine de Gruyter.
- Braucher, David. 2016. Fake news: Why we fall for it. URL accessed 30 August 2017: <https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/contemporary-psychoanalysis-in-action/201612/fake-news-why-we-fall-it>
- Brown, Ashley D., and Jared R. Curhan. 2013. The polarizing effect of arousal on negotiation. Psychological Science 24(10): 1928– 1935.
- Dentith, Matthew R. X. 2017. The problem of fake news. Public Reason 8(1-2): 65-79.
- Dretske, Fred. 1981. Knowledge and the flow of information. Cambridge, Mass. The MIT Press.
- Fake News Challenge. 2017. URL accessed 30 August 2017: <http://www.fakenewschallenge.org/>
- Fallis, Don. 2015. What is disinformation? Library Trends 63(3): 401-426.
- Floridi, Luciano. 2011. The philosophy of information. Oxford. Oxford University Press.
- Gelfert, Axel. 2013. Rumour, gossip, and conspiracy theories: Pathologies of testimony and the principle of publicity. In Rumours and communication in Asia in the internet age, ed. Greg Dalziel, 20-45. Abingdon. Routledge.
- Gelfert, Axel. 2014. A critical introduction to testimony. London. Bloomsbury.
- Gettings, Michael. 2007. The fake, the false, and the fictional: The Daily Show as new source. In The Daily Show and Philosophy, ed. Jason Holt, 16-27. Oxford. Blackwell.
- Goldberg, Sanford C. 2011. “If that were true I would have heard about it by now.” In Social epistemology: Essential readings, eds. Alvin I. Goldman and Dennis Whitcomb, 92-108. New York. Oxford University Press.
- Goldman, Alvin. 2008. The social epistemology of blogging. In Information technology and moral philosophy, eds. Jeroen van den Hoven and John Weckert, 111-122. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press.
- Jones, Mark. 1990. Why fakes? In Fake: The art of deception, ed. Mark Jones, 11-16. London. The British Museum.
- Klein, David O. and Joshua R. Wueller. 2017. Fake news: a legal perspective. Journal of Internet Law 20(10): 5-13.
- Levy, Neil. 2017. The bad news about fake news. Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective 6(8): 20-36.
- Lilleker, Darren G., 2017. Evidence to the Culture, Media and Sport Committee ‘Fake news’ inquiry presented by the Faculty for Media & Communication, Bournemouth University. Documentation. Bournemouth University.
- Lingua Franca. 2000. The Sokal hoax: The sham that shook the academy. Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press.
- Love, Robert. 2007. Before Jon Stewart: the truth about fake news. Believe it. Columbia Journalism Review 45(6): 33-37.
- Lowenthal, David. 1990. Forging the past. In Fake: The art of deception, ed. Mark Jones, 16-22. London. The British Museum. McCaffrey, James M. 2009. Inside the Spanish-American war: A history based on first-person accounts. Jefferson. Mcfarland. Mill, John Stuart. 1859. On liberty. London. John W. Parker & Son.
- Montgomery-McGovern, J.B. 1898. An important phase of gutter journalism: Faking. Arena 19(99): 240-253.
- Munchau, Wolfgang. 2017. From Brexit to fake trade deals: the curse of confirmation bias. URL accessed 30 August 2017: <https://www.ft.com/content/b7d68798-62fb-11e7-91a7-502f7ee26895>
- Oremus, Will. 2016. Stop calling everything fake news. URL accessed 30 August 2017: <http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/technology/2016/12/st op_calling_everything_fake_news.html>
- Oremus, Will. 2017. Facebook has stopped saying ‘fake news’. URL accessed 30 August 2017: <http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2017/08/08/facebook_ has_stopped_saying_fake_news_is_false_news_any_better.html>
- Pariser, Eli. 2011. The filter bubble: What the internet is hiding from you. London. Penguin.
- Petersen, Michael Bang, Ann Giessing and Jesper Nielsen. 2015. Physiological responses and partisan bias: Beyond self-reported measures of party identification. PLoS ONE 10(5): e0126922. <https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126922>
- Plothow, Roger. 2017. Defining fake news…again. Post-Register (1 August 2017): A5.
- Rini, Regina. 2017. Fake news and partisan epistemology. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 27(2): E43-E64.
- Rosen, Christopher. 2017. All the times Donald Trump has called the media ‘fake news’ on Twitter. URL accessed 30 August 2017: <http://ew.com/tv/2017/06/27/donald-trump-fake-news-twitter/>
- Schulz, Stefan. 2013. Die Odyssee der Online-Onkels. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (16 August 2013): 38.
- Silverman, Craig, and Lawrence Alexander. 2016. How teens in the Balkans are duping Trump supporters with fake news. URL accessed 30 August 2017: https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/how-macedonia-became-a-global-hub-for-pro-trump-misinfo
- Stephens, Bret. 2017. The President Versus ‘Fake News,’ Again. URL accessed 30 August 2017: <https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/29/opinion/trump-cnn-fake-news-russia.html>
- Swift, Art. 2016. Americans’ trust in mass media sinks to new low. URL accessed 30 August 2017: <http://www.gallup.com/poll/195542/americans-trust-mass-media-sinks-new-low.aspx>
- Walton, Douglas. 1997. Appeal to Expert Opinion: Arguments from Authority. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
- Walton, Douglas. 2006. Poisoning the well. Argumentation 20(3): 273-307.
- Wardle, Claire. 2017. Fake news: It’s complicated. URL accessed 30 August 2017: <https://firstdraftnews.com/fake-news-complicated/>