Résumés
Summary
In this study, we examine institutional predictors of part-time faculty employment in the higher education sector in the United States. We draw upon institutional and individual-level data to examine the variation in the intensity of part-time employment in faculty positions among a representative sample of higher education institutions. Institutional-level data are from Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) and individual-level data are from National Study of Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF). These data allow us to examine the impact of both economic factors and social environment on employment practices of colleges and universities. This analysis adds to the emerging literature on non-standard work arrangements in core organizational functions.
Our results suggest that the employment of part-time faculty is significantly associated with a set of organizational attributes and characteristics such as institutional type, sources of revenue, and part-time student enrolment. Private institutions, on average, have higher levels of part-time faculty than their public counterparts. The proportion of part-time students and the share of institutional revenues derived from tuition and fees are positively associated with part-time faculty employment. Faculty unions are positively related to the employment of part-time faculty. Finally, institutions that have limited resource slack and pay high salaries to their full-time faculty members tend to employ a high proportion of part-time faculty. These results support the arguments that higher educational institutions actively design and adopt contingent work arrangements to manage their resource dependence with constituencies and to reduce labour costs.
Keywords:
- part-time employment,
- teaching faculty,
- faculty employment,
- higher education
Résumé
Dans cette étude, nous nous penchons sur les prédicteurs institutionnels de l’emploi à temps partiel dans le secteur de l’enseignement supérieur aux États-Unis. À partir de données individuelles et institutionnelles, nous examinons la variation de l’intensité de l’emploi à temps partiel dans les postes de professeurs d’universités et de collèges parmi un échantillon représentatif d’institutions d’enseignement supérieur. Les données institutionnelles proviennent de l’IPEDS (Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System) tandis que les données individuelles proviennent du NSOPF (National Study of Postsecondary Faculty). Ces données nous permettent d’étudier l’effet des facteurs économiques et de l’environnement social sur les pratiques d’emploi des universités et des collèges. Notre analyse s’inscrit dans la littérature émergente sur les arrangements au travail non traditionnels dans les principales fonctions organisationnelles.
Nos résultats suggèrent que l’emploi à temps partiel des professeurs de l’enseignement supérieur est associé de façon significative à un ensemble d’attributs et de caractéristiques, tels le type d’institution, leurs sources de revenu et le nombre d’inscriptions d’étudiants à temps partiel. Les institutions privées affichent des moyennes plus élevées de professeurs à temps partiel que les institutions publiques. La proportion d’étudiants à temps partiel, la part des revenus institutionnels en provenance des frais de scolarité et la présence de syndicats de professeurs sont positivement associées à l’emploi à temps partiel des professeurs. Enfin, les institutions qui disposent de ressources limitées et qui paient des salaires élevés à leurs professeurs à temps plein ont tendance à embaucher une proportion plus élevée de professeurs à temps partiel. Ces résultats appuient l’argument que les institutions d’enseignement supérieur conçoivent et adoptent activement des arrangements de travail précaire pour gérer leurs ressources en fonction de la clientèle et réduire leurs coûts de main-d’oeuvre.
Mots-clés:
- emploi à temps partiel,
- professeur,
- enseignement supérieur
Resumen
En este estudio, examinamos los predictores institucionales del empleo a tiempo parcial en el sector de la educación superior universitaria en los Estados Unidos. Nos basamos en datos individuales e institucionales para examinar la variación de la intensidad del empleo a tiempo parcial en los cargos docentes con una muestra representativa de las instituciones de educación superior. Los datos institucionales provienen del Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS – Sistema de datos integrados de educación postsecundaria) y los datos individuales provienen del National Study of Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF). Estos datos nos permiten examinar el impacto de los factores económicos y del entorno social sobre las prácticas de empleo de los colegios y de las universidades. Este análisis se suma a la literatura emergente sobre las modalidades de trabajo no tradicionales en las principales funciones organizacionales.
Nuestros resultados sugieren que el empleo docente a tiempo parcial esta significativamente asociado con un conjunto de atributos y características organizacionales tales como el tipo de institución, las fuentes de ingreso y la cantidad de inscripciones de estudiantes a tiempo parcial. Las instituciones privadas, en promedio, tienen niveles más altos de docentes trabajando a tiempo parcial que sus contrapartes públicas. La proporción de estudiantes a tiempo parcial y la parte de ingresos institucionales provenientes de las inscripciones y de los pagos aferentes están asociadas positivamente al empleo de profesores a tiempo parcial. Los sindicatos universitarios están positivamente asociados al empleo docente a tiempo parcial. Por último, las instituciones que disponen de recursos limitados y que pagan salarios elevados a sus profesores trabajando a tiempo completo tienden a emplear una proporción elevada de docentes a tiempo parcial. Estos resultados apoyan los argumentos sugiriendo que las instituciones de educación superior diseñan y adoptan activamente acuerdos laborales precarios con el fin de administrar sus recursos en función de la clientela y reducir los costos laborales.
Palabras claves:
- empleo a tiempo parcial,
- enseñanza universitaria,
- empleo universitario,
- educación superior
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