Résumés
Summary
Federal government policy changes in the early 2000s led to the rapid expansion of Canada’s Temporary Foreign Worker (TFW) Program by increasing the number of eligible occupations. Before the expansion few trade unions in Canada had interaction with TFWs, but with the new rules, and the high profile political debate that ensued, unions were forced to confront the issue of migrant workers directly for the first time. Using narrative analysis, the paper examines media statements from union officials between 2006 to 2012 to track the narratives constructed by unions regarding TFWs. It finds three temporally sequential narrative arcs: 1-prioritizing of Canadian workers’ interests and portrayal of TFWs as employer pawns; 2-TFWs as vulnerable workers needing union advocacy for their employment and human rights; and 3-post-economic crisis conflicted efforts to integrate Canadian and TFW interests. The changing narratives reflect evolving union reaction to the issue of growing use of TFWs, as well as interaction with external political and economic contexts shaping the issue.
The study examines how unions understand challenging new issues. The results suggest union discourses are shaped by the tension between internal pressures and external contexts. They also suggest that leaders’ responsibility to represent members can sometimes clash with unions’ broader values of social justice. Unions build internal value structures that inform their understanding of an issue, but they must also reflect members’ demands and concerns, even if those concerns may not reflect social justice values. The case study reveals the line between “business union” and “social union” philosophy is fluid, contested and context dependent. The paper also links union narratives of TFWs in this contemporary setting to labour’s historical attitude toward immigration and race, finding elements of both continuity and disruption.
Keywords:
- Temporary foreign workers,
- English Canada,
- union reaction,
- racism,
- narrative analysis
Résumé
Au début des années 2000, des changements dans la politique du gouvernement fédéral canadien ont conduit à une croissance rapide du Programme des travailleurs étrangers temporaires (TÉT), grâce à une augmentation du nombre de professions éligibles. Auparavant, peu d’organisations syndicales au Canada entretenaient de liens avec les TÉT, mais avec la promulgation de ces nouvelles règles et le débat politique qu’elles ont déclenché, les syndicats se sont vus, pour la première fois, confrontés directement à la question des travailleurs migrants. Recourant à la méthode de l’analyse du discours, cet article étudie les déclarations médiatiques de dirigeants syndicaux du Canada anglais entre les années 2006 et 2012 afin de retracer le discours construit par les syndicats au sujet des TÉT.
Il met en évidence l’existence de trois positions qui se sont développées successivement : 1- priorisation des intérêts des travailleurs canadiens, tout en dépeignant les TÉT comme des pions pour les employeurs; puis, 2- reconnaissance des TÉT comme des travailleurs vulnérables ayant besoin de l’appui des syndicats pour défendre leurs droits en tant que personnes salariées; et enfin, 3- diverses tentatives , parfois conflictuelles, d’intégration des intérêts des travailleurs canadiens et des TÉT au lendemain de la récente crise économique. Ces changements dans le discours syndical reflètent tant l’évolution de la réaction syndicale au phénomène du recours croissant aux TÉT par les employeurs que l’interaction avec l’environnement externe, tant politique qu’économique, qui lui donne forme.
L’étude examine de quelle façon les syndicats canadiens appréhendent les nouveaux enjeux auxquels ils ont à faire face. Les résultats suggèrent que le discours syndical s’avère influencé tant par les pressions venant de l’interne que par les contextes externes. Ils suggèrent également que la responsabilité des dirigeants de représenter leurs membres peut parfois entrer en conflit avec des valeurs plus larges de justice sociale. Les syndicats se dotent des structures de valeurs internes qui les aident à interpréter les enjeux, mais ils se doivent aussi de refléter les préoccupations et les demandes de leurs membres, cela même si ces dernières s’éloignent des valeurs de justice sociale. Cette étude de cas révèle que la ligne entre « les syndicalismes d’affaires » et le « syndicalisme social » demeure fluide, discutable et qu’elle dépend du contexte. Cet article fait, également, ressortir le lien entre le discours syndical contemporain sur les TÉT et l’attitude historique du syndicalisme envers l’immigration et la question raciale, avec des éléments qui pointent vers la continuité et d’autres vers la rupture.
Mots-clés:
- Travailleurs étrangers temporaires,
- Canada anglais,
- réaction syndicale,
- racisme,
- analyse du discours
Resumen
Los cambios en la política del gobierno federal canadiense acontecidos a comienzos de los años 2000 han conducido a un rápido crecimiento del Programa de trabajadores extranjeros temporarios (TET) gracias a un aumento del nombre de ocupaciones elegibles. Antes de dicha expansión, pocas organizaciones sindicales en Canadá establecían lazos con los TET, pero con la promulgación de esas nuevas reglas y el debate político de gran notoriedad que estas provocaron, los sindicatos se vieron obligados, por la primera vez, a enfrentar directamente la cuestión de los trabajadores migrantes. Utilizando el método del análisis del discurso, este artículo estudia las declaraciones de los dirigentes sindicales en los medios de comunicación durante el periodo 2006—2012, con el fin de reconstituir el discurso construido por los sindicatos con respecto a los TET.
El estudio pone en evidencia la existencia de tres posiciones que se han desarrollado sucesivamente : 1- priorización de los intereses de los trabajadores canadienses, al mismo tiempo que los TET eran presentados como peones de los empleadores; 2- reconocimiento de los TET como trabajadores vulnerables que necesitan del apoyo de los sindicatos para defender sus derechos laborales y humanos; y por último, 3- bajo el impacto de la crisis económica, ciertos esfuerzos conflictivos por integrar los intereses de los trabajadores canadienses y intereses de los TED. Esos cambios en el discurso sindical reflejan la evolución de la reacción sindical al fenómeno del recurso creciente a los TET de parte de los empleadores y así mismo, la interacción con el entorno externo, tanto político que económico, que modulan esta cuestión.
El estudio examina la manera cómo los sindicatos comprenden los nuevos desafíos a enfrentar. Los resultados sugieren que el discurso sindical está influenciado tanto por las presiones provenientes del interior como por los contextos externos. Esto sugiere igualmente que la responsabilidad de los dirigentes de representar sus miembros puede a veces entrar en conflicto con los valores más amplios de justicia social. Los sindicatos se dotan de estructuras de valores internos que los ayudan a interpretar los desafíos, pero ellos deben también reflejar las preocupaciones y las demandas de sus miembros, y esto, incluso si dichas demandas se alejan de los valores de justicia social. Este estudio de caso revela que la línea entre las filosofías de “los sindicalismos industriales” y del “sindicalismo social” sigue siendo fluida, discutible y dependiente del contexto. Este artículo establece igualmente los vínculos entre el discurso sindical contemporáneo sobre los TET y la actitud histórica del sindicalismo respecto a la inmigración y la cuestión racial, haciendo resaltar ciertos elementos de continuidad pero también de ruptura.
Palabras claves:
- Trabajadores extranjeros temporarios,
- Canadá inglés,
- reacción sindical,
- racismo,
- análisis de discurso
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Parties annexes
Acknowledgment
The author would like to thank Dr. Bob Barnetson for his comments on an earlier draft and the anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful feedback. Any remaining shortcomings are the sole responsibility of the author.
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