Résumés
Abstract
This study focuses on underground comix in the US and their reception in Italy, where different translations have been circulating since the late 1960s. Underground comix were the controversial product of the 1960s-1970s’ counterculture, that is, of a period of struggle and cultural renewal in US history. As taboo contents such as sex, drugs, and political dissent became the core of this needle-sharp graphic satire, underground cartoonists had to deal with media lynching, exclusion from distribution circuits, fines, and seizures of materials. The present contribution reconstructs the twisted relationships between underground comix and the different forms of censorship they faced in their homeland as well as in Italy, where they were translated by both militant and mainstream publishers in different time periods. This study focuses on Robert Crumb, the most famous underground cartoonist, and discusses a corpus of comics dealing with the theme of sexuality used to shock and subvert US morality. The compared analysis of multiple translations of the same stories, published between the 1970s and 2018, shows how the Italian reception of Crumb’s most provocative comics was impacted by a pre-selection of contents, practices of deliberate censorship of the original materials and, in particular, by the trivialisation of potentially subversive contents under the influence of the commedia sexy all’italiana film genre. It is maintained that, in the Italian context, Crumb’s sexually explicit works are not deemed controversial provided they are deprived of social criticism and re-interpreted within a comedic frame through translation. The latter argument paves the way for a reflection on how subversive materials can be “narcotized” (Eco, 2003, p. 139) by means of banalization, whose outcomes are similar to those that result from overt censorship.
Keywords:
- comics,
- translation,
- censorship,
- Robert Crumb,
- sexuality
Résumé
Cette étude porte sur le phénomène de la bande dessinée underground [underground comix] aux États-Unis et sur sa réception en Italie, pays où les traductions de ces oeuvres controversées circulent à partir de la fin des années 1960. Nés de la contre-culture des années 1960-1970, les undergroundcomix sont l’un des produits d’une époque de lutte acharnée et de renouveau culturel dans l’histoire des États-Unis. Les sujets de prédilection de cette satire mordante étant des thématiques taboues comme le sexe, la drogue et la contestation politique, de nombreux dessinateurs underground font face au lynchage médiatique, aux amendes et à la saisie de matériel, avant d’être exclus des circuits de distribution. La présente contribution retrace donc le rapport intriqué entre les underground comix et les différentes formes de censure dont ils ont été la cible aux États-Unis et en Italie, où les traductions ont été publiées autant par des éditeurs militants que par des éditeurs plus commerciaux à différentes époques. Elle se penche précisément sur Robert Crumb, le dessinateur underground le plus célèbre, et un corpus de bandes dessinées visant à choquer et à subvertir la moralité américaine. L’analyse comparée de plusieurs traductions des mêmes histoires, publiées entre les années 1970 et 2018, montre l’incidence de la présélection des contenus, des pratiques de censure délibérée des matériaux originaux et d’une banalisation de contenus potentiellement subversifs, sous l’influence du genre cinématographique commedia sexy all’italiana, sur la réception en Italie des bandes dessinées de Crumb les plus provocatrices. L’étude confirme que, dans le contexte italien, les oeuvres sexuellement explicites de Crumb ne sont pas jugées controversées tant que leur militantisme social est évacué et réinterprété dans un cadre comique par la traduction. Ce dernier argument ouvre la voie à une réflexion sur la façon dont les matériaux subversifs peuvent être « narcotisés » (Eco, 2003, p. 139) par le biais de la banalisation, avec des résultats comparables à ceux de la censure explicite.
Mots-clés :
- bande dessinée underground,
- censure,
- traduction,
- Robert Crumb,
- sexualité
Parties annexes
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