Abstracts
Abstract
The gradual introduction of Translation Memory in translation workplaces, starting in the late 1990s, has created a classic industrial conflict. Managers and clients of translation services want to increase productivity, but translators do not want to be told how to produce translations, and they do not want to see their incomes reduced. While the technical features of Memory programs certainly cause dissatisfaction, all technologies have defects, and a key question then is who decides how to deal with these defects—translators? or managers and clients? As a result, policies on the use of Memory in a workplace become crucial. There are objective policy questions: Are translators’ productivity requirements increased when Memory is introduced? Do translators receive less pay for matches found in the Memory database? Is the translator allowed to search the Memory database? Then there is the subjective aspect: how do translators feel about their own experience of whatever is objectively happening? Do they feel they are in control of the texts they are producing? Are technologies increasing or decreasing their satisfaction with their working lives? Do they have a sense of losing the ability to compose their own translations or are they equally happy to revise wordings proposed by Memory? Do they feel that use of these technologies is reducing or enhancing the status of translators in society? This article looks at some of these subjective matters, based on two surveys of Ontario translators conducted in 2011 and 2017.
Keywords:
- Translation Memory,
- policies,
- attitudes,
- survey,
- conflict,
- emotion
Résumé
L’introduction progressive des mémoires de traduction dans les milieux de travail à partir de la fin des années 1990 a donné lieu à un conflit industriel classique. Les responsables des agences de traduction de même que leurs clients veulent augmenter la productivité des traducteurs, mais les traducteurs ne veulent pas qu’on leur prescrive une façon de traduire et ils ne veulent pas voir leurs revenus réduits. Bien que les caractéristiques techniques des mémoires soient la cause d’une certaine insatisfaction parmi les traducteurs, il reste que toutes les technologies ont des défauts, et une question clé est alors de savoir qui décidera comment agir en face de ces défauts : les traducteurs ou leurs employeurs? En conséquence, les politiques relatives à l’utilisation de la mémoire deviennent une variable cruciale. Il y a des questions objectives concernant ces politiques : les exigences de productivité des traducteurs sont-elles augmentées lorsque la mémoire est introduite? Les traducteurs reçoivent-ils des paiements moindres pour les correspondances trouvées dans les mémoires? Les traducteurs ont-ils la possibilité d’interroger la base de données de la mémoire? À cela s’ajoute l’aspect subjectif : comment les traducteurs ressentent-ils ce qui se passe objectivement? Sentent-ils qu’ils gardent le contrôle des textes qu’ils produisent? Les technologies augmentent-elles ou diminuent-elles leur satisfaction vis-à-vis de leur vie professionnelle? Ont-ils le sentiment de perdre la capacité de composer leurs propres traductions? Pensent-ils que l’utilisation de ces technologies réduit ou améliore le statut social des traducteurs? Dans la présente étude, certains de ces aspects subjectifs sont examinés à la lumière de deux sondages menés auprès des traducteurs de l’Ontario en 2011 et en 2017.
Mots-clés :
- mémoire de traduction,
- politiques,
- attitudes,
- sondage,
- conflit,
- émotions
Appendices
Bibliography
- Bédard, Claude (2014). “Le traducteur de demain… et son chien.” Circuit, 122. [https://www.circuitmagazine.org/dossier-122/le-traducteur-de-demain-et-son-chien].
- Bundgaard, Kristina (2017). “Translator Attitudes towards Translator-computer Interaction—Findings from a Workplace Study.” Hermes, 56, pp. 125-144.
- Cadwell, Patrick, Sheila Castilho, Sharon O’Brien and Linda Mitchell (2016). “Human Factors in MT and Post-editing among Institutional Translators.” Translation Spaces, 5, 2, pp. 222-243.
- Christensen, Tina Paulsen and Anne Schjoldager (2010). “TM Research: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It?” Hermes, 44, pp. 89-101.
- Christensen, Tina Paulsen and Anne Schjoldager (2016). “Computer-aided Tools: The Uptake and Use by Translation Service Providers.” JosTRans, 25, pp. 89-105.
- Dillon, Sandra and Janet Fraser (2006). “Translators and TM: An Investigation of Translators’ Perceptions of Translation Memory Adoption.” Machine Translation, 20, pp. 67-79.
- Ehrensberger-Dow, Maureen and Sharon O’Brien (2015). “Ergonomics of the Translation Workplace: Potential for Cognitive Friction.” Translation Spaces, 4, 1, pp. 98-118.
- Garcia, Ignacio (2003). “Standard Bearers: TM Brand Profiles at Lantra-L.” Translation Journal, 7, 4. [http://www.translationjournal.net/journal/26tm.htm].
- Garcia, Ignacio (2006). “Translators on Translation Memories: A Blessing or a Curse?” In A. Pym, A. Perekrestenko and B. Starink, eds. Translation Technology and its Teaching, Intercultural Studies Group, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, pp. 97-105.
- Garcia, Ignacio (2007). “Power Shifts in Web-based Translation Memory.” Machine Translation, 21, pp. 55-68.
- Guerberof, Ana (2013). “What Do Professional Translators Think about Post-editing?” JoSTrans, 19, pp. 75-95.
- Koskinen, Kaisa and Minna Ruokonen (2017). “Love Letters or Hate Mail? Translators’ Technology Acceptance in the Light of their Emotional Narratives.” In D. Kenny, ed. Human Issues in Translation Technology. London and New York, Routledge, pp. 8-24.
- Läubli, Samuel and David Orrego-Carmona (2017). “When Google Translate is Better than some Human Colleagues, those People are no Longer Colleagues.” Proceedings of the 39th Conference Translating and the Computer, London, UK, pp. 59-69.
- LeBlanc, Matthieu (2013). “Translators on TM: Results of an Ethnographic Study in Three Translation Services and Agencies.” International Journal of Translation and Interpreting Research, 5, 2, pp. 1-13.
- LeBlanc, Matthieu (2014). “Les mémoires de traduction et le rapport au texte: ce qu’en disent les traducteurs professionnels.” TTR, 27, 2, pp. 123-148.
- LeBlanc, Matthieu (2017) .“I Can’t Get No Satisfaction! Should We Blame Translation Technologies or Shifting Business Practices?” In D. Kenny, ed. Human Issues in Translation Technology. London and New York, Routledge, pp. 45-62.
- Marshman, Elizabeth (2012). “In the Driver’s Seat: Perceptions of Control as Indicators of Language Professionals’ Satisfaction with Technologies in the Workplace.” Translating and the Computer 34. [http://www.mt-archive.info/Aslib-2012-Marshman.pdf].
- Marshman, Elizabeth (2014). “Taking Control: Language Professionals and Their Perception of Control When Using Language Technologies.” Meta, 59, 2, pp. 380–405.
- McBride, Cheryl (2009). TM Systems: An Analysis of Translators’ Attitudes and Opinions. M.A. Thesis. School of Translation and Interpretation, University of Ottawa. [https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/28404/1/MR61311.pdf].
- Mogensen, Else (2000). “Orwellian Linguistics.” Language International, October, pp. 28-31. [http://www.mt-archive.info/jnl/LangInt-2000-Mogensen.pdf].
- Mossop, Brian (2014). “Motivation and De-motivation in a Government Translation Service: A Diary-based Approach.” Perspectives: Studies in Translatology, 22, 4, pp. 581-591.
- Mossop, Brian (2017). “Conflict over Technology in the Translation Workplace.” Multi-Languages Annual Conference 2017 [video presentation]. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aAPQ_4_LRwM&list=PLIreXuKKKiFe9MP2ntmFJn2Fm_l2bVkIx&index=7&t=0s].
- Ruokonen, Minna and Kaisa Koskinen (2017). “Dancing with Technology: Translators’ Narratives on the Dance of Human and Machinic Agency in Translation Work.” The Translator, 23, 3, pp. 310-323.
- Taravella, AnneMarie and Alain O. Villeneuve (2013). “Acknowledging the Needs of Computer-assisted Translation Tools Users: The Human Perspective in Human-Machine Translation.” JoSTrans, 19. [https://www.jostrans.org/issue19/art_taravella.php].
- Toudic, Daniel and Guillaume de Brébisson (2011). “Poste du travail du traducteur et responsabilité: une question de perspective.” Revue ILCEA, 14. [https://ilcea.revues.org/1043].