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1114.More information
While the COVID-19 pandemic has helped boost Quebecer interest in buying local products, paradoxically, the actual level of demand for local products has stagnated, or even decreased. Beyond the economic factor, which is seen as the most obvious criterion, currently, studies have rarely examined the relationship consumers have with these products through the territorial brands that promote them. How do Quebec consumers perceive these brands? What determines the acceptability of these brands as a guarantee of the local nature of terroir products? How well are they known in the minds of these consumers? What strategies could be introduced to increase their acceptance with consumers? These are just some of the questions addressed by this research, which was carried out on a representative sample of 1203 Quebec consumers. Our conclusions underline the need for regions to strengthen their identity, better communicate their assets, and increase the visibility of their territorial brands to stimulate consumer interest.
Keywords: Marques territoriales, Territorial brands, bioalimentaire, biofood, consumers Quebec, consommateurs, Québec
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1116.More information
It might seem surprising to find, in a royal correspondence dedicated primarily to the task of public administration, elements of informal expression, an obvious informal tone of personal concern, and even numerous signs of friendly consort. Since the royal person remains indistinguishable from his function, he avoids with greater difficulty than others the hierarchical imperatives that determine epistolary exchanges. Even so, the letters addressed by Henry III to his court favourites and to state secretary Villeroy are particular in that they exhibit an exemplary sociability that invites reciprocity within the master-servant relationship. The present article aims to show that this rhetoric of familiarity contributes to an expression of favour which strengthens a privileged mode of communication, which constitutes a real pact of fidelity. Indeed, epistolary correspondence is seen as much more than a simple administrative expedient, or a means of long-distance communication. It is seen rather as a political technique which is useful in serving the mutual interest of the correspondents.
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1119.More information
Our aim in this article is to identify the major transnational actors and to describe how they have influenced Latin American politics and development from the 1950s to the present. Transnational actors are defined as those collective actors (here non-governmental) whose membership and activities are transnational. Specifically ex-amined are the multinationals, the Catholic Church, international labor confederations, and guerrilla movements. The historical context within which we study these actors has two periods : early import substitution (1954-65) and late import substitution and export substitution (1965 to present). In each period the state pursue s a development strategy with the support of particular class alliances. For each period we describe how the transnational actors contribute to the successes and failures of these strategies. The causal relations are also reciprocal, for the actors evolve and adapt to the changing developmental context. For example, the multinationals shift from raw material extraction to manufacturing while the Church shifts from conservatism to the theology of liberation. The general trends in the activities of transnational actors over the post war period are interpreted with respect to the twin polarities of the development process : opression - liberation, integration - autonomy.
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1120.More information
During the Cold War, the United States sought to influence the thinking of allied militaries by offering education to foreign officers, especially those designated by their governments as likely to be promoted to higher strategic command. The goal of this effort was to support the overall American national security policy of containment and deterrence and Utile emphasis was placed upon the diffusion of liberal-democratic norms in civil-military relations. What developed was an international military fraternity : « old school ties, » that linked the senior command of allied countries with the U.S. military. In the case of non-democratic allies, these links may have actually reinforced and perpetuated non-democratic norms in those countries. In the post-Cold War era American national security policy has stressed the promotion of liberal-democratic norms in civil-military relations as a more explicit goal of international military education. It is also a goal of the increased cooperation with foreign militaries taking place under the auspices of the regional Commanders-in-Chief (CINCS). It is not evident, though, that these norms are being conveyed in a way that strengthens civilian control of the military and national security policy.