Documents found
-
251.More information
In Canada, the Constitution Act, 1867 does not formally assign jurisdiction over foreign affairs to the federal government and there is no section of the constitution that specifies who may enter into international treaties. Since the 1960s, however, the Canadian government has claimed a monopoly on international negotiations, a monopoly that has been challenged since 1965 by the Gérin-Lajoie Doctrine. Since 1945, and even before for certain issues, international negotiations, particularly in the areas of human rights, education, public health, labour, trade, the environment and climate change, have increasingly affected the provinces' areas of jurisdiction. With these transformations, it becomes difficult for provinces to accept the federal government's claim to a monopoly on foreign affairs, as this would mean that the Canadian government would be doing indirectly what it cannot do directly. In response to this phenomenon, many provinces have been seeking for over 60 years now to influence the federal government's international negotiations of agreements that affect them. International negotiations in Canada have thus made the creation of multi-level governance mechanisms between the federal government and the Canadian provinces in this area inevitable. Little is known about the fact that while all attempts at constitutional reform in this area have failed, intergovernmental agreements have been reached in several areas (Human Rights, Hague Conference on Private International Law, education, Francophonie, UNESCO). In other areas, such as trade negotiations and climate change, the provinces are often involved in the negotiations even though federal arbitrariness remains an important issue and the question of the place of the provinces in international negotiations remains unresolved.
-
252.More information
ABSTRACTThis paper seeks to identify the source of the persistent gap between Canadian and US unemployment rates and why the gap has widened more for women than for men. A graphical method is proposed to distinguish between employment shocks and changes in the activity rate. The labor market is also separated between categories of workers having different levels of attachment to the labor force, that is between men, women and, in this latter category, between married and non-married women. The analysis shows an unusual increase in the activity rate in Canada between 1972 and 1978 that raised the male unemployment rate by about 2 percentage points and the aggregate unemployment rate by about 3 percentage points. This result is compatible with the expected consequences of the 1971 reform of the unemployment insurance program. Also, the analysis confirms that the unemployment gap has widened more for married women. However, their activity rate has risen faster in Canada until the middle of the eighties. This last fact makes difficult to ascribe sole responsibility for the unemployment gap of this group to the unemployment insurance program.
-
253.More information
The literature on Canada-us relations neglects works on geo-economics to understand Donald Trump's unpopularity in Canada during his term in the White House. Defining geo-economics as the importation of the logic of military conflict into the vocabulary and implementation of a state's economic and trade policies (Luttwak 1990), we draw on the work on “tabloid geopolitics” by François Debrix (2008) to characterize Trump's policy towards Canada as “tabloid geo-economics.” After describing the main pillars of this doctrine, including Trump's tendency to use the language and style of tabloid newspapers to describe Canada-us issues, we show how the billionaire transforms Canada-us relations by importing into the White House a vision of Canada that may not disappear entirely after he steps down as President.
Keywords: Donald Trump, Justin Trudeau, Canada, États-Unis, aléna, aceum, commerce, géo-économie, Donald Trump, Justin Trudeau, Canada, United States, nafta, usmca, trade, geo-economics
-
255.More information
While in the past, Canada has earned a fairly liberal reputation as it developed political relations with African countries, the trend for the 1980s has been to concentrate on promoting trade and investment. In particular, the interest in expanding markets for Canadian manufactured exports has led to the co-ordination of the Export Development Corporation (EDC) and the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) to encourage and support the private sector. As a result, exports to Africa have tripled in the past five years and North Africa (especially Algeria) is becoming a region of major importance for Canadian exporter s. Although in the past the Canadian government has been ambiguous about its approach to promoting trade and investment in white-ruled Southern Africa, it has strengthened its inclination to leave the private sector alone, regardless of the support which Canadian companies are giving to the apartheid system. The before, in the 1980s, Canada's relations with Africa are being increasingly governed by economic imperatives as the government attempts to come to grips with the problems emerging from the economic recession.
-
256.More information
What impacts did the events at New York's World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, have on the resettlement of new immigrants to Canada in terms of employment? While it might have been expected that the impact would vary according to ethnic origin, and be unfavourable toward persons of Arabic origin, on account of the stigmatization of that group in public opinion, the analysis does not reveal such effects. Instead, the labour market is seen to have undergone a slowdown and a tightening for the youngest and oldest immigrants; this slowdown presents itself differently in Québec than in the rest of Canada. This analysis was possible because the first series of immigrant interviews in Statistics Canada's Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada (LSIC) was under way in September 2001 (n = 12,040). The analyses were conducted using semi-parametrical survival regressions.
-
258.More information
AbstractThis article explores the advances made and the challenges presented by language rights in Canada with regard to the promotion of French. We analyze questions of federalism, legal interpretation and new directions where language rights could play a useful role in structuring social relationships.
-
260.