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If—as Edmond Haraucourt wrote in Rondel de l'adieu (1890)—«[t]o leave is to die a little», it is also true that to die means to leave this world and, also, start preparing for what will (may) be right after the last breath. For a surprising number of people, that means to prepare for death by purchasing a plot in a cemetery, supervising to the construction of the monument, choosing the materials, the symbols, the epitaph… in one word, building a «last home» for them and, often, for their families. As part of anthropological research carried out in cemeteries in Italy, the United States and Brazil, we met with some of these individuals who decided to spend their last months of life buying, decorating, and personalizing their own graves. Whether one does this to make his/her last wishes and dreams come true—before it is too late and not trusting that others will do it—or, simply as a distraction from their disease and the deterioration of their body, the result is often the same: in the form of a chapel, a bust, a little garden, a funerary picture, and inside these spaces—cemeteries—as they learn to love every day more, these people think about death in constructive and often artistic ways. It is above all a way of not being subjected to death; on the contrary, they learn to know better and even master death, transforming it into a work of art or just a comfortable space of memory.

Keywords: Giampaoli, mort, mourir, cimetière, vieillesse, mémoire, famille, Giampaoli, death, dying, cemeteries, old age, memory, family, Giampaoli, muerte, morir, cementerio, vejez, conmemoración, familia

At the international scale, cyber seems to be pervasive, though it is rarely mentioned in the International Relations. The ubiquitous nature of the cyber is not compliant with the classical criteria of the international (territorialization, legal framework, etc.). This leads to hinder the understanding of the cyber as a research topic and constitutes an epistemological impediment. By analyzing what the cyber makes – or not – to the International Relations, this article aims to initiate a debate. It deals with the cyberspace as a socio-technical system which gradually globalized to the point of being a major stake for the international system. It reviews and discriminates two options : tackling the cyberspace as one of the technological feature of the international system or addressing it as a system that is more than an issue but a nature per se whose autonomy is limited by the interactions with the international system.

Keywords: cyberespace, numérique, relations internationales, Relations internationales, système international, épistémologie, cyberspace, digital, international relations, International Relations, international system, epistemology

While it has already conducted cyber operations in order to fight nuclear and ballistic proliferation, the United States now intends to go further and has officially endorsed the use of cyber tools to sabotage parts of other states' deployed nuclear arsenal. The integration of cyber within the array of counterforce instruments stems from a new strategy designed to protect the territory of the United States from a nuclear attack. This strategy relies, in addition to the in-flight interception of missiles, on offensive operations, called “left of launch”, aimed at neutralizing missiles on the ground prior to their launch. This article acknowledges as a starting point that being willing to threaten the survivability of other states' nuclear arsenal is by itself destabilizing, but intends to show that cyber operations, due to their distinctive features, risk increasing even further this destabilizing effect.

Keywords: contre-force, cyber, dissuasion nucléaire, États-Unis, limitation des dommages, counterforce, cyber, damage limitation, nuclear deterrence, United-States

This article classifies prepositions and complex prepositional phrases in terms of their ability to license a null object, or, in other words, in terms of their ability to occur as orphan prepositions (Zribi-Hertz 1984). I adopt an extended PP projection and draw on Roberge (2012), who correlates the licencing of null objects in the verbal domain to those in the prepositional domain, in order to formalize and sharpen widely accepted intuitions that prepositional null objects are licensed by prepositions with some degree of rich lexical content. A tripartite distinction emerges which involves functional prepositions of the category p, lexical prepositions of the category P, and prepositions built around a nominal element. The account unifies these three types of preposition and motivates syntactically complex representations for forms that, superficially, do not appear to be complex.

Keywords: prépositions, objets nuls, prépositions orphelines, syntagme prépositionnel étendu, prepositions, null objects, orphan prepositions, null Ground, extended PP

Research Framework: In a context characterized by new possibilities for parenthood within societies where family structures are becoming increasingly diverse, the issue of knowing one's origins is currently provoking intense political, social and scientific debates. These debates are emblematic of a more general movement that reflects a growing interest in the question of origins within contemporary patterns of family configuration, whether created by adoption or assisted reproduction . The concept of origins is thus a particularly relevant window shedding light on current social and political issues surrounding the future of adoption, the conditions for assisted reproduction through donation, the legislative framework of surrogacy and the application of biogenetic knowledge, as well as an opportunity to analyze contemporary reconfigurations of kinship and family links. Objectives: To identify the primary issues underlying the discourse on personal origins by outlining the context from which it emerged, and by bringing together the various disciplinary approaches to define its parameters. Methodology: This article is based on the various authors' contributions in this issue, as well as on theoretical and empirical studies that show how the concept of origins is used by those involved in adoption and assisted reproduction . The comparative perspective is chosen for this article. Results: The focus on origins reveals a profound evolution linked to the growing dissociation of procreation from kinship, which appear to be leading to the emergence of "new" relationships and actors. The rapid advancement of reproductive technologies is broadening the circumstances, already present in adoption, in which people have children but do not become parents in the legal sense, remaining "at the edges" of kinship. Conclusions: The concept of origins provides a particularly rich field for examining current representations and interpretations of the individuals associated with it (birth "parents" in adoption, egg and sperm donors, women who have carried a child for others), the narratives that shape them, and the place they occupy (or their absence) in the accounts of those who are adopted or are born through surrogacy. Contribution: This article brings a theoretical and heuristic approach to the concept of origins and demonstrates its relevance for examining the multiple relational realities created by current family arrangements. The articles in this issue all contribute to this examination by reflecting in complementary ways on the question of parentage.

Keywords: origines, filiation, parenté, adoption, technologies de la reproduction, origins, filiation, parenting, adoption, reproductive technologies

The United States' climate diplomacy has historically oscillated between phases of leadership and disengagement, reflecting the changeovers between Democratic and Republican administrations in the White House. Building on cognitive methods in foreign policy analysis, we came up with an analytical frame which furthers this partisan explanation and allows us to better understand the reasons underlying the climate diplomacy of the George W. Bush (2001-2009), Barack Obama (2009-2017) and Donald Trump (2017-2021) administrations. We show that the main climate diplomacy actions of those administrations reflect those Presidents' perceptions regarding the climate threat, the importance of multilateralism, and the Sino-American relationship. We also argue that the Trump administration's climate diplomacy actions may have long-lasting consequences that are detrimental to the global fight against climate change, and we show how the Biden administration has tried so far to reorientate American climate diplomacy toward a greater engagement.

Keywords: changements climatiques, diplomatie climatique, Donald Trump, Barack Obama, George W. Bush, approches cognitives, climate change, climate diplomacy, Donald Trump, Barack Obama, George W. Bush, cognitive methods