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In the spring of 1947, the Riverside Museum in New York presented the travelling exhibition, “Canadian Women Artists,” bringing together paintings by seventy-two Canadian women, including Emily Carr, Kathleen Daly, Prudence Heward, Anne Savage, Marian D. Scott, Jori Smith and Edna Taçon. The Canadian organizers aimed to make women more visible and to include them within the dominant artistic directions in Canada. The mobilization of women into an international exhibition was without historical precedent. In this respect, the event took on a fundamental importance for the inscription of women in the history of Canadian art. Nevertheless, a heterogeneous collection of works was favoured, and this article intends to show that this orientation weakened the content of the exhibition, favouring questions extraneous to the specificity of the works and to the diffusion of women's art. Only Anne Francis, of the Ottawa Citizen, used the exhibition as an opportunity to denounce the masculine exclusivity of the notion of the creator. Elizabeth Wyn Wood, to whom the introduction of the catalogue had been entrusted, availed herself of the opportunity to valorize the idea of a Canadian artistic temperament which took account of the cultural diversity of the country. The American critic, E.A. Jewell, saw in the exhibition the manifestation of a nationalism that he tried to define by reference to the Group of Seven. For Nettie S. Horch, the director of the Riverside Museum, “Canadian Women Artists” shouldered political aims that overshadowed a singular emphasis on the contribution of women. According to her, the event took up, once more, the efforts of collaboration between nations undertaken by the United States before the war. The feminist purpose, potentially disturbing, was thus reduced by political and ideological considerations.

In order to encourage the presentation of exhibitions in Québec, article 697 of the Code of Civil Procedure allows for the protection of works of art and other cultural or historical property on loan from abroad from seizure. This provision (then article 553.1 of the former Code of Civil Procedure) was introduced in 1976 to allow a major exhibition from the USSR to be held in Montréal.

East region of Cameroon concentrates the large share of proven and potential mineral resources of the country. It is currently the main focus of mining especially in the town of Bétaré-Oya. This activity has increased since 2007 with the "Operation Safeguard gold" launched by the ministry of Mines in preparation of the impoundment hydroelectric dam at Lom Pangar. However, the environmental changes that the mining activities induce question the long-term development prospects of the localities and raise many problems. This study is based on an empirical approach. It analyzes the environmental changes induced by extractive activities in Bétaré-Oya in order to assess environmental justice issues. It emerges that these issues locally formulated the taking into account, beyond the material and financial compensations, the collective identity of impacted communities, their relations of attachment to the territory, their needs/concerns, their culture, their territorial rights and their right to a decent life consistent with their values and beliefs. The participation of these communities in decision-making is then necessary to properly articulate the sustainability of environmental changes brought, preserving links between nature and cultural heritage, and support communities in their legitimate aspirations for prosperity.

Keywords: mutation socio-environnementale, exploitation minière, Bétaré-Oya, Est-Cameroun, socio-environmental change, mining, Bétaré-Oya, East Cameroun

This article aims to analyze the Quebec government's policies on nanotechnologies in the early 2000s and on artificial intelligence (AI) from the mid-2000s on. The comparison between the past fervor for nanotechnologies and the present fervor for AI reveals a number of similarities between the public actions implemented to bring out and develop these two state-of-the-art technologies. In both cases, we show from the perspective of the so-called promise economy how different stakeholders are building and promoting an inescapable technological and economic future in order to gain political support, secure wider social approval for their projects and, above all, capture important public financial and material resources that are essential for establishing industrial and commercial activity. The case of nanotechnology, for which we now have more hindsight, makes it possible to assess the gap between initial promises and what actually happened. It also provides food for thought to critically address the current government support for AI and the discourse on its future economic benefits in Quebec.

Keywords: économie de la promesse, nanotechnologies, intelligence artificielle, politique technologique, innovation, sociologie des attentes, promise economy, nanotechnologies, artificial intelligence, technology policy, innovation, sociology of expectations

Understanding the phenomenon of violence among young people in particular at school, has become a major challenge in the majority of western societies. This understanding comes from the observation of aggressive behaviours and their underlying factors. From biological to social, from individual to environmental, the causes put forward are numerous, as are the psychosocial theories that support them. In this article, we explore the social and, above all, cultural origins of these behaviours. Cultural factures appear to affect the socialization process, interpersonal relationships and to influence the manifestation of aggressive behaviours as well as the forms they take. Intercultural comparisons of social and “antisocial behaviours” should help identify whether there are specific socialization processes in each society that could be at the origin of aggressiveness. Studies of these processes in this comparative perspective should reveal existing links between the characteristics of society and the social behaviours of the individuals within that society. This article presents a body of research concerning this type of influence while stressing the complexity and the multicultural composition of several societies. We are presenting a synthesis of this body of work. First we present research that provides an understanding of how culture influences social relationships among children. We then focus on a comparative study of aggressiveness in different cultures. Furthermore, we emphasize the methodological challenges related to intercultural comparisons of violent behaviour during childhood.

Keywords: Externalités négatives, Infrastructures de transport, Immobilier, Méthode d'appariement

Expressed objectives of a school mathematics curriculum appear to differ from those of a program for maths teacher education. Whilst the first deals directly with the content and the process of mathematical learning in classrooms, the latter concerns the formation of educative contexts that can facilitate perspective maths teachers to learn how to teach their subject. But, a concern about what constitutes the teaching of mathematics is common for both. The present paper aims to explore prevailing visions concerning the nature of school mathematics and to discuss their potential impact on maths teacher education programs. Concerning the first, it is noted that, presently, there is no single viewpoint on what a maths curriculum should contain. Besides the well known traditional view of the subject as an “abstract”, “decontextualised” and “mental disciplining” endeavour, two main contemporary visions, namely the socio-cultural and the socio-political are discussed as providing pedagogical and epistemological alternatives. The impact of such visions can potentially influence the structure of maths teacher education courses by pointing out new directions and methodologies of study.