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In 1871-1872, Grand Duke Alexis of Russia visited the United States and Canada over a period of three months, stopping in all the major cities of both countries and visiting sites like Niagara Falls. While in the United States, reception of the Duke was gushing and extravagant, his reception in Canada was much more subdued. While the extremely cold weather and the illness of the Prince of Wales explains some of this difference, it is also true that Canadians (and their British protectors) viewed the Russian-American friendship with trepidation and this influenced public reaction to the young Russian. British and Canadian newspapers followed the Grand Duke's progress through the United States, commenting in particular on American toadyism and hypocrisy in fawning over royalty, and suggesting that Canadians would take a different approach. Given the various calls for annexation from American politicians, and America's recent purchase of Alaska, it is understandable why Canadians and their British brethren might be concerned about the Russian-American friendship and underlying purpose of the Grand Duke's visit.

ABSTRACTThis paper deals with the evolution of ideas concerning the configuration of flow patterns of the great inland ice sheets east of the Cordillera. The interpretations of overall extent of Laurentide ice have changed little in a century (except in the Arctic) but the manner of growth, centres of outflow, and ice-flow patterns, remain somewhat controversial. Present geological data however, clearly favour the notion of multiple centres of ice flow. The first map of the extent of the North American ice cover was published in 1881. A multi-domed concept of the ice sheet was illustrated in an 1894 sketch-map of radial flow from dispersal areas east and west of Hudson Bay. The first large format glacial map of North America was published in 1913. The binary concept of the ice sheet was in vogue until 1943 when a single centre in Hudson Bay was proposed, based on the westward growth of ice from Labrador/Québec. This Hudson dome concept persisted but was not illustrated until 1977. By this time it was evident from dispersal studies that the single dome concept was not viable. Dispersal studies clearly indicate long-continued westward ice flow from Québec into and across southern Hudson Bay, as well as eastward flow from Keewatin into the northern part of the bay. Computer-type modelling of the Laurentide ice sheet(s) further indicates their complex nature. The distribution of two indicator erratics from the Proterozoicage Belcher Island Fold Belt Group help constrain ice flow models. These erratics have been dispersed widely to the west, southwest and south by the Labrador Sector of more than one Laurentide ice sheet. They are abundant across the Paleozoic terrain of the Hudson-James Bay lowland, but decrease in abundance across the adjoining Archean upland. Similar erratics are common in northern Manitoba in the zone of confluence between Labrador and Keewatin Sector ice. Scattered occurences across the Prairies occur within the realm of south-flowing Keewatin ice. As these erratics are not known, and presumably not present, in Keewatin, they indicate redirection and deposition by Keewatin ice following one or more older advances of Labrador ice. The distribution of indicator erratics thus test our concepts of ice sheet growth.

ABSTRACTPresent concepts about the Cordilleran Ice Sheet are the product of observations and ideas of several generations of earth scientists. The limits of glaciation in the Cordillera were established in the last half of the nineteenth century by explorers and naturalists, notably G. M. Dawson, R. G. McConnell, and T. C. Chamberlin. By the turn of the century, the gross configuration of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet had been determined, but the causes of glaciation and ice-sheet dynamics remained poorly understood. This early period of exploration and discovery was followed by a transitional period, from about 1900 to 1950, during which a variety of glacial landforms and deposits were explained (e.g., Channeled Scablands of Washington; "white silts" of southern British Columbia), and conceptual models of the growth and decay of the ice sheet were proposed. Shortly after World War II, there was a dramatic increase in research into all aspects of glaciation in the Canadian Cordillera which has continued unabated to the present. Part of the research effort during this period has been directed at resolving the Cordilleran Ice Sheet in both time and space. Local and regional fluctuations of the ice sheet have been reconstructed through stratigraphie and sedimentological studies, supported by radiocarbon and other dating techniques. Compilations of late Pleistocene ice-flow directions have shown that the Cordilleran Ice Sheet was a mass of coalescent glaciers flowing in a complex fashion from many montane source areas. During the postwar period, research has also begun or advanced significantly in several other disciplines, notably glaciology, process sedimen-tology, geomorphology, paleoecology, and marine geology. Attempts are now being made to quantitatively model the Cordilleran Ice Sheet using computers and the geological database assembled by past generations of earth scientists.

AbstractThis article examines the development of holiness-inspired dissent in Canada by focusing on the Holiness Movement Church, a sect led by Methodist evangelist R.C. Homer and created in opposition to official Methodism in 1895. It investigates the relationship between holiness and Methodism and finds that the Hornerite schism served to discredit the doctrine in the eyes of Methodist leaders. The holiness crisis sheds light on the broad cultural support for the experience, and demonstrates that the pressures placed upon Methodism by dissent were integral to its transformation. The schism reinforced the Holiness Movement's critique of professional elites and the middle class. As such, Hornerism and late nineteenth-century Christian perfectionism can be viewed as part of a broad populist movement intent on defending traditional social values against the forces of modernization.

The loss of the supposed monopoly of professional historians over the past and the predominant presentist conception of history have given an unusual vitality to a discipline which, far from being in crisis, obliges us to multiply efforts to transfer the results of our research to the rest of society. From the perspective of early modern history, the article raises some considerations on the convenience of approaching the study of imperial structures from an angle capable of combining global dynamics with the determining weight of the local sphere, the importance of analyzing the vertebral role played by all kinds of connectors and overlapping networks, and the memory of the multiple manifestations of resistance and hybridization.

Keywords: historiography, historiografía, memoria, memory, historia pública, public history, historia global, global history